Despite growing enthusiasm for endovascular repair of injuries to the axillary and subclavian vessels, realistic clinical presentation and anatomic locations restrict the broad application of this technique at present. In our experience, less than but approaching 50% of all injuries encountered could be addressed with an endovascular approach. This percentage will increase during the upcoming decades if the endovascular technologies available in hybrid endovascular operating rooms uniformly improve.

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In the absence of ischemia, neonatal cells were more sensitive to cardioplegia-induced cellular edema than more mature cells, and edema observed in all groups was avoided by decreasing the KCl product of St Thomas' Hospital solution to the physiologic range. Differences in cell volume regulation may explain the sensitivity of neonatal hearts to hyperkalemic cardioplegic arrest and suggest novel approaches to improving myocardial protection.

When nonselective venography plus selective venography were performed, 23% of patients had either an abnormal finding or aberrant anatomy, and most of these required a major change in VCF position. Nonselective venography plus selective venography redefines the criterion standard and, because of limitations of other methods of vena cava visualization for VCF deployment, should be performed in most patients.

According to newly applied reporting standards, the prospective evaluation of DTEPs reveals that complications are uniformly distributed by type and follow-up period. Just over 1 in 10 patients will suffer either a major or minor complication. Potential predictors have been identified that may assist in patient selection and treatment plans to lower complications resulting from DTEPs.