clinical practice, and scientific research. First, we summarize current policies about civility and theories about cultural humility. Second, drawing on case examples, we discuss how civility and cultural humility can guide effective multicultural training and clinical practice at this intersection. Third, we review the team science literature on diversity and use a case example to illustrate how civility and cultural humility can help diverse teams advance research on religion/spirituality and sexuality/gender (e.g., by helping harness collective wisdom, honor cultural differences, build group cohesion, and resolve team conflict). Fourth, we highlight possible problems with civility (e.g., perceptions of civility can differ) and promises of incivility (e.g., protest can catalyze progress). Finally, we present an integrative model for guiding policymaking, clinical practice, and research in controversial areas, as dialogue partners adopt empathy as their affective stance, civility as their behavioral stance, and humility as their cognitive stance.
This cross-sectional study examines which aspects of sexual, gender, and religious/spiritual (R/S) identities predict R/S struggles and life satisfaction among sexual minority adults. A large, nonprobability sample (N = 644; Mage = 35.16, 84.0% American; 15.2% of the sample were also transgender/gender-nonconforming persons) completed measures asking about their sexual orientation identity and sociodemographics, current and childhood religiousness/spirituality, and current R/S struggles and life satisfaction. Participants reported typical levels of life satisfaction but disproportionately high rates of overall R/S struggles and most R/S-struggles subtypes, particularly interpersonal struggles. Sexual minorities who were raised Christian reported higher overall, interpersonal, and doubt-related R/S struggles during adulthood than those who were not raised Christian. Sexual minority adults who were currently Christian-affiliated (vs. not) reported higher levels of all R/S-struggle subtypes except interpersonal struggles. However, sexual minority adults evidenced no differences in life satisfaction based on whether they were raised Christian (vs. not) or had a current Christian affiliation (vs. not). R/S factors (especially a current Christian affiliation and childhood or current involvement in a R/S community participants perceived as less lesbian, gay, bisexual, and queer+ [LGBQ+] affirming) predicted sexual minorities’ R/S struggles beyond the influence of demographics but did not predict additional variance in life satisfaction. Sexual-orientation identity factors (particularly higher levels of integration and outness) uniquely predicted lower R/S struggles and higher life satisfaction. Results highlight a need for research on how multilevel stigma intersects with sexual, gender, and R/S identity development. Interventions that target R/S struggles, identity integration, and identity-affirming R/S support are also needed.
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