This study evaluated how a decrease in reading rate would affect stuttering frequency. Eighteen stutterers read the same passage aloud in two conditions. Habitual reading rates and styles were required in the control condition. In the experimental condition, reading rates were significantly reduced by allowing subjects to see and read one word per second. When reading rates were manipulated in this way, significantly less stuttering occurred. Note was taken of the fact that, in the experimental condition, stutterers had to use a speech pattern that minimized the normal requirements of rapid coordination and transition across word boundaries. If stuttering is a phonetic transition defect, then the aforementioned pattern, which calls for less coordination and transition, should promote fluency. From this reasoning, it follows that the decrease in stuttering noted was as much dependent upon the manner of reading demanded of subjects as the reading rate forced upon them.
Social Psychological research on Person Perception/Attribution Theory has concluded that an individual responds to interpersonal situations based upon their interpretation of the "nature" of that situation. For example, physically attractive people are often attributed niceness and capableness even without any basis in reality. The observer, guided by percepts cum attributions, may treat the attractive participant "as though" these qualities are about them rather than about the observer's internal bias. In psychoanalysis, this social phenomenon takes on individual meaning as countertransference. Therapists seem to experience irrational feelings during the psychotherapy exchange, which remain, whether or not the therapist is conscious of these responses or whether their technical objective includes or ignores their own transference. The attributional tendency to act upon these feelings "as though" they were wholly about the patient may lead to therapeutic disasters. Therefore, clinical training of psychotherapists needs the early inclusion of this concept to prevent subsequent dogmatic and untherapeutic attitudes. This paper will discuss the possibility of disarming the damage rendered by medicalized parsimonious "healing" and the latest fashion, Evidence-Based Treatment, via a translation of assumedly unmeasurable psychoanalytic tenets into multiply measured, investigated areas of social research.
A review and amplification of the article by authors Horelick and Zuckerman regarding the clinical phenomena of encountering patients (analysands) outside of the physical boundaries of the consultation room. Their clinical examples and the literature used to buttress their position and in particular the open disclosure of the deeply personal reactions they experienced are examined and used as launching points for further understanding. Ferenczi, Balint, Freud and other luminaries are incorporated into the topic of extra-analytic encounter, in an attempt to further demystify this inevitable and unplanned moment of disclosure, which, much like resistance and countertransference offer more opportunity than obstacle.
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