In a recent field experiment a truck-based, rapid scan, agile-beam Doppler radar probed severe convective storms and tornadoes on very short time scales, at relatively close range. , the advective time scale is only 10 s. Bluestein et al. (2003; their Figs. 10 and 11) showed how even when the reflectivity and Doppler wind field in a tornado at low levels is viewed every ~15 s, not all the evolution is captured.In a supercell having updrafts of ~50 m s −1 (e.g., Weisman and Klemp 1984, their Fig. 5; Bluestein et al. 1988, their Fig. 15), vortices, cloud particles, small hydrometeors, etc., can be advected upward ~5 km, almost half the depth of the parent storm in just ~100 s (a few min). Trapp et al. (1999) found after inspecting Weather Surveillance Radar-1988 Doppler (WSR-88D) volume scans that some tornadic vortex signatures descend, whereas others
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