Flipped learning was associated with increased academic achievement, greater task value, and more positive achievement emotions when compared to traditional didactic instruction. Further investigation of flipped learning methods in radiology education is needed to determine whether flipped learning improves long-term retention of knowledge, academic success, and patient care.

ICA and MCA vessel size did not change based on gender or side. Older patients had more redundant vessels based on diameter and length. The ICA has a gentle taper from its proximal cavernous segment to the ICA terminus. This information can be important in planning interventions or designing endovascular devices.

There continues to be significant gaps in our understanding of PML pathogenesis and its relationship with therapeutic immunosuppression. There have been advances made in our ability to treat multiple sclerosis, although these have come with the unintended risk of PML. Fortunately, natalizumab-associated PML remains a rare entity compared to multiple sclerosis-associated disability, and the risk may be mitigated with appropriate patient selection, accurate and rapid diagnosis, and aggressive treatment strategies.

Epidural hematoma is a rare complication of epidural anesthesia and has not been reported in pediatric patients undergoing cardiac surgery. The successful treatment of this complication requires swift recognition, diagnosis, and surgical intervention.

This study presents a normal range of Caucasian lacrimal gland dimensions seen on CT. Lacrimal gland size decreases with age, and no gender difference exists. This range can aid in differentiating diseased and nondiseased lacrimal glands, especially when correlated with physical examination. This may be useful in clinical trials that involve lacrimal gland size.