The production of black pepper seedlings through grafting is a promising strategy to mitigate the effect of environmental stresses, such as drought, that limit its cultivation. However, studies on compatibility between grafts and rootstocks are still scarce, especially considering the wild species of the genus Piper and the cultivated genotypes of black pepper. The objective of this work was to evaluate the relationship between primary metabolism and the development of black pepper seedlings obtained through intra- and interspecific grafting. The method used was that of cleft lateral grafting, as graft the Bragantina cultivar, better known in the world as ‘Panniyur 1’, and ‘Kottanadan’ cultivar and three wild species (Piper hispidum, Piper aduncum and Piper tuberculatum) were used as root-stock. As a control, ´Bragantina` was grafted onto itself (homograft). The experiment was carried out for 110 days and the seedlings were evaluated for development, gas exchange, and carbohydrate allocation. The rootstock influences the development and primary metabolism of seedlings. P. aduncum showed greater initial compatibility among wild species, due to less impediment to carbohydrate flow. P. tuberculatum showed early incompatibility, as the grafts died. The seedlings grafted on P. hispidum and 'Kottanadan' had initial compatibility with an average of 78% survival and 60% budding, but they may have late incompatibility due to limitation of carbohydrate flow.
Under flooding conditions, plants exhibit morphological and physiological characteristics that indicate that the plant is undergoing stress. In this sense, the objective of this work was to evaluate the gas exchange of cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.) seedlings submitted to different times of flooding. The study was carried out at the experimental farm of the Capixaba Institute for Research Technical Assistance and Rural Extension, in Linhares, North of the State of Espírito Santo, Brazil. The experimental design was completely randomized. The treatments consisted in the flooding of the seedlings on days 0 (without flooding), 1, 2, 4 and 8. The seedlings were evaluated for gas exchange by characteristics: liquid assimilation of CO2; stomatal conductance; transpiration rate; water use efficiency. The gas exchange of cocoa seedlings were influenced by the flooding period in which they were submitted with a decrease in the values liquid assimilation of CO2, stomatal conductance and transpiration rate after the fourth day of flooding, after this period the seedlings developed morphological modifications that allowed them to adapt the flooding conditions, improving the liquid assimilation of CO2.
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