Loess and coversands are widespread on either side of the English Channel. In southern England, loess is generally thin and discontinuous, but locally reaches thickness of about 4 m in east Kent. Coversands occur mainly in areas well north of the Channel, such as parts of East Anglia and the southern side of the Bristol Channel. Most of the loess and coversand deposits in southern England date from the Late Devensian cold stage (marine oxygen isotope stage (MOIS) 2), but there are also a few localised patches of older (mainly MOIS 6 and 12) loess, which are the dissected remnants of originally more extensive covers. In France loess is widespread and locally very thick (up to 12 m), especially in northern and northeastern France. In Normandy and in the Somme basin some long records indicate that accumulation began at the end of the Lower Pleistocene, at about 900 ka. Nevertheless the main accumulations of typical calcareous loess are related to the Upper Weichselian and Upper Saalian stages (MOIS 2 and end of MOIS 3 and MOIS 6). Indeed, before about 160-170 ka, loess deposition was generally restricted to special sediment traps such as fluvial and marine terraces exposed to the east or northeast. These older deposits are characterised by more sandy facies derived from local fluvial sources (mainly by northwest to north-northwest winds). Coversands occur locally along the coast of the Mont Saint-Michel bay, and over the northern part of the Seine estuary near Le Havre. The main differences in thickness and extent of the loess deposits between southern England and northern France are linked to their location in relation to the source areas (Channel and North Sea), to ice sheets, and to the main wind directions (northwest to north-northwest in France and western England but northeast in eastern England).

The weichselian loess lithostratigraphy of NW France which, by intermediary of the North Region, is continued with sandy-loamy and sandy areas of Belgium and Netherlands, shows the same horizons which permit correlations. A double climatical and sedimentary zonation (E-W and N-S) can be distinguished, of which limits have varied mostly during the pleniglacial phases.

Les travaux récents menés sur le Pléistocène de la France du Nord-Ouest permettent de compléter et de réviser les tableaux stratigraphiques publiés dans les années 80. Par rapport à ces premières synthèses, les nouveaux apports sont essentiellement représentés par les éléments suivants : - Définition de nouvelles formations marines et fluviatiles pour le Pliocène et le Pléistocène inférieur dans le Bassin de Carentan (Normandie) ; - Mise en évidence de nouvelles formations marines pléistocènes et holocènes en Normandie ; - Définition des systèmes fluviatiles pléistocènes de la Seine moyenne et de la moyenne Somme ; - Mise en évidence de séquences de référence pour l'Eémien et le Début Weichsélien au sein de la Formation fluviatile de la Lys (Nord), et pour le Flandrien dans la plaine maritime du Nord ; - Mise en évidence d'une longue séquence de référence pour le Pléistocène moyen de versant dans le bassin de la Somme (Picardie) ; - Proposition de nouveaux stratotypes et d'une nouvelle synthèse pédostratigraphique pour le dernier cycle Interglaciaire-glaciaire en milieu loessique sur la base de nouvelles données de terrain, d'analyses sédimentologiques, de mesures de susceptibilité magnétique et de datations TL et IRSL. - Parallèlement, des recherches sur l'Argile à Silex ont permis de préciser le mode de formation et l'attribution chronostratigraphique de ce faciès d'altération présent dans l'essentiel du Nord-Ouest de la France. Enfin, la prise en compte de ces éléments nouveaux débouche sur une révision de la carte des formations superficielles de la France du Nord-Ouest publiée en 1987 par F. Joly et dont une nouvelle version est proposée dans le cadre de cet article synthétique.

A deep boring (30 m), carried out at Watten (Nord, France) in 1990, has provided an opportunity to undertake palaeoecological studies based on stratigraphy, sedimentology, palynology, malacology and 14C datings on Early Weichselian and Holocene deposits. The location of the site in the inner zone of the coastal plain, extending in the Aa valley from the southernmost shores of the North Sea upstream to Watten, allows the comparison between interstadials recorded in a pure fluvial environment and the overlying Holocene sediments, in which alternation of marshy, fluvial and marine deposits are observed. The Early Weichselian sequence can be correlated with the Brørup and Odderade interstadials described in northwestern Europe, and belongs within the same palaeogeographical area. At that time the conditions were already continental at Watten. However, the last (Holocene) interglacial has been characterized, at least since the Boreal chronozone, by an oceanic climate and a progressive invasion of the sea, sometimes interrupted by stillstands and withdrawals.