Resumo O ICMS Ecológico consiste no dimensionamento, segundo critérios ambientais, de parte dos repasses da parcela do Imposto sobre Circulação de Mercadorias e Serviços que cabe aos municípios. A política se presta à compensação e incentivo de ações favoráveis ao meio ambiente e foi introduzida no Pará com o objetivo explícito de contribuir para a redução das altas taxas de desmatamento, a partir do fomento à atuação municipal nesse propósito. Este estudo pretende verificar se os efeitos redistributivos iniciais operados pela política ocorreram em consonância com a finalidade almejada. Realizou-se análise da destinação dos recursos recebidos em razão da política, dos gastos municipais com gestão ambiental e da ingerência territorial municipal para compreender o impacto da introdução do critério ecológico de repartição sobre os municípios com altas taxas de desmatamento incluídos na Lista de Municípios Prioritários do Ministério do Meio Ambiente. Os resultados indicam que os municípios prioritários paraenses foram beneficiados com a introdução do ICMS Ecológico no estado sem que a política tenha implicado maior engajamento municipal no combate ao desmatamento. Conclui-se que houve certa incoerência entre os efeitos redistributivos operados pelos ICMS Ecológico paraense e o objetivo de redução do desmatamento, bem como com a base teórica da política.
The White-breasted Thrasher (Ramphocinclus brachyurus brachyurus) is surviving at the tip of the Caravelle peninsula in Martinique, on a 5 km2 territory. Once widespread throughout the island, this passerine was on the verge of extinction in the 1950s but managed to recover. The creation of the Caravelle Nature Reserve in 1976 contributed to the protection of its habitat, but little is known about the factors behind the slow population growth registered in the past decades. A year-long ethological study was launched by the Regional Natural Park of Martinique (PNRM) in order to understand the status of this endangered species. In spite of some limitations, original observations shed new light on the behavior of this endemic species. New calls and a song were identified for the White-breasted Thrasher. The study highlights seasonal variations in the bird’s feeding behaviors and some behavioral plasticity in its reproductive strategies. Individuals appear to be exposed to strong predation pressure, especially during the breeding season. The confirmation of the modus operandi of rats against White-breasted Thrashers’ nests should help improve the conservation policy of this bird.
Revue en ligne : http://norois.revues.org www.pur-editions.fr L'application de la DCE dans les départements et régions d'outre-mer : la mise en lumière des discordances entre le concevable et le possible à la Martinique
The lancehead (Bothrops lanceolatus) is a poisonous snake endemic to Martinique, an island in the Lesser Antilles arc. Today, this snake is on the verge of extinction. The recorded number of snakes killed yearly between 1970 and 2002 decreased by 97%. Despite the production of an antivenom in 1993, the local authorities set up a financial reward to encourage the eradication of lancehead snakes. Today the local population still perceives the snake as a threat, due to its fatal venom and its fierce behaviour. The case study of the lancehead in Martinique highlights the need to develop integrated strategies to conserve species of poisonous snakes on densely populated islands. This requires innovative, cross-sectoral strategies that involve decision-makers working along with multi-disciplinary scientists. Approaching the complexity of ecosystems through the socio-ecological prism implies, conversely, linking up the domains of science and technology, life and environmental sciences, and human and social sciences, through interactions based on sharing common assumptions.
O presente artigo busca descrever e analisar a obra “Razão Prática e Normas” de Joseph Raz - um expoente contemporâneo do positivismo excludente - tendo por objetivo realizar uma investigação voltada a apontar e discutir determinados aspectos, eleitos como principais, de sua teoria do direito. O método empregado consiste na pesquisa bibliográfica dos escritos de Raz, assim como da literatura relevante às matérias tratadas. Pretende-se com este estudo traçar as linhas centrais do raciocínio estruturante dessa teoria, a fim de se estabelecer um panorama geral da mesma, evidenciando os argumentos que sustentam e justificam a existência do positivismo jurídico exclusivo, marcado pela dissociação entre direito e moral. Joseph Raz, mostrar-se-á, por meio de sua análise do exercício das razões no campo prático, firma o direito enquanto ciência e fenômeno social explicável e justificável.
Palavras-chavesDireito ao meio ambiente. Instrumentos econômicos. Poluidor-pagador. OCDE. Evolução.
AbstractThe Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) established in 1972 the principle of the polluter-pays principle, which is based on the search for equilibrium in the market and international investments, which is based on the use of economic instruments and has repercussions in the field of environmental protection. The principle requires member nations of the organization to cease with the subsidies provided to private polluters to contain or reduce pollution emission, and this cost must be internalized by the causative agent itself. The purpose of this article is to critically analyze the different stages of the polluter-pays principle and to demonstrate its evolution from the legal instruments issued by the OECD over the years. The method of qualitative analysis, with a study of doctrine and legislation, is used to understand the dynamics of structuring and conformation of the principle in time, evidencing an increasing relativization of the principle of the polluter-payer that is sometimes excepted, which compromises the economic efficiency originally intended, as well as imposes reflexes in the field of environmental protection.
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