DIRECT visualization of anatomy by ultrasound during regional anesthesia was considered to likely minimize the incidence of complications of regional anesthesia due to needle misplacement. Neural impalements have been reported under direct vision of the brachial plexus. We report a case of inadvertent vascular puncture leading to a seizure during an ultrasound-guided axillary block.

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In Reply:-We thank Drs. Brull et al., Shankar, and Nelson for responding to our case report of accidental intravascular injection of local anesthetic and epinephrine during ultrasound-guided perivascular axillary block. 1 The suggestions provided by Dr. Brull's group for improved safety during ultrasound-guided axillary block seem reasonable. The large case series of axillary blocks recently published by Dr. Brull et al. bears witness to their experience of significantly reduced (but not completely eliminated) rates of accidental intravascular injection with the adoption of ultrasound guidance compared with the blind transarterial or neurostimulator-guided techniques used and taught until recently at their institution. 2 Further large case series such as theirs, or the establishment of a complication registry will be needed to quantify the relative safety benefits of various preblock precautions and ultrasoundguided approaches to axillary blockade (including perivascular vs. perineural injection). However, there seems to be little doubt that future improvements in block safety lie in the optimal application of ultrasound training and imaging, and technical advances including echogenic atraumatic needles specifically designed for regional anesthesia.To Dr. Shankar, the problems we wished to highlight in our case report include modification of anatomical relations by injection of local anesthetic leading to migration of the needle tip into a blood vessel, and the existence of small, compressible, low-flow veins that are difficult to detect with even the most sophisticated ultrasonic equipment, experienced operators, and careful scanning techniques. These problems may be mitigated by technical and educational improvements, but we wished to emphasize that continued adherence to traditional safety rules such as fractionated injection is necessary even in the ultrasound age of regional anesthesia. Blaming ultrasound guid-ance for the complication we present in our report would constitute in our opinion a misinterpretation of the events we related.Dr. Nelson brings up the interesting point that 75-100 mg lidocaine would not be expected to result in the neurologic symptoms presented in our report, and proposes the alternative diagnosis of hypertensive encephalopathy or reversible posterior leukoencephalopathy secondary to the epinephrine in the block solution. Although we agree that the dose of lidocaine administered intravenously was relatively small (due to fractionated injection with ultrasonographic confirmation), we believe the time course of our patients' symptoms (minutes, rather than days for the other evoked diagnostic possibilities) are more consistent with a high but transient peak concentration of lidocaine, possibly potentiated by the epinephrine in the solution. 3