The hormesis effect of 2,4-D, applied at two stages of soybean development, on the physiological components of crop yield, was investigated. Soybean seeds of the cultivar ‘AG 3680 IPRO’ were sown in pots containing 7 L of a substrate and kept in a greenhouse. A randomized complete block design with four replicates was used. Eighteen treatments were tested, arranged in a split-plot scheme. The plots consisted of two stages of herbicide application (V4 and V6), and the split-plots were arranged by nine 2,4-D doses (0, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 40, and 50 g ha-1). At the time of harvest, 100 days after sowing, significant interactions between crop development stages and 2,4-D doses were observed for the number of nodes in the main stem (NNMS) and the number of pods per plant (NPP). Both NNMS and NPP were not affected by 2,4-D during V6, but they increased with doses up to 20.2 g ha-1 and 22.5 g ha-1, respectively, during V4 and declined at higher doses according to a quadratic model, thus characterizing hermetic effect. Regardless of the application stage, the number of grains per plant and weight of a thousand grains were reduced as doses increased. However, the grain number and grain mass per plant reached maximum values for doses of 20.3 g ha-1 and 12.9 g ha-1, respectively. It was concluded that 2,4-D causes hormesis effects on the soybean crop ‘AG 3680 IPRO’ pot-grown in greenhouse conditions, regardless of the application stages herein tested.
Soybean cultivars with "plasticity" traits, such as good branching ability, ensure compensation of gaps in planting. The cultivar INT7100 IPRO provides excellent branching ability and plant architecture, facilitating control of pests and diseases, and it contains the biotechnology INTACTA RR2 PRO®. It is resistant to stem canker, brown stem rot, and bacterial blight.
The state of Paraná is among the main producers of soybeans not only in Brazil, but in the World. However, it presents considerable edaphoclimatic variation throughout its area. This is one of the main causes genotype-by-environment interactions, hindering the selective process as well as the recommendation of cultivars in the state. Therefore, the objective of this study was: (i) to identify the environment that make it possible to represent the conditions of the state of Paraná, in order to facilitate the selection and recommendation of cultivars in future breeding programs; (2) to identify soybean inbres lines stable and adapted to state of Paraná. For this, data from trials in the agricultural year of 2013/2014 conducted with 24 soybeansinbred lines in 18 locations. Genotypic differences were observed with a level of accuracy of 0.93. Despite the environmental differences, it was possible to explain approximately 70% of the global variation of the data with the first three main components. Based on the biplots, it was verified that the locality of Record-PR was the most discriminant and representative, whereas Iporã-PR provided lower. In general, inbred lines 5, 9, 23 and 24 showed good adaptability and stability as well as high grain yield.
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