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This paper is concerned as to whether it is more appropriate to use aggregate or disaggregate models in forecasting house prices using hedonic modelling. It is accepted that the implicit pricing of some of the attributes is not stable between locations, property types and ages but it is argued that this can be effectively modelled with an aggregate method. The models are developed using a dataset of nearly 18,000 transactions in the UK Midlands region in 1994. The comparative performance of these models is then considered using two approaches. Chow tests of the error differences between actual price and the price predicted by the models suggest that the submarket models lead to statistically significant, though small, improvements. A second approach, using comparison of the root mean square errors, is conducted on the models' forecasts for a 10 per cent sample of nearly 2,000 transactions excluded from the modelling process. This shows little practical difference in the forecasting ability between the two approaches. Great care needs to be taken over sample size if a disaggregate model is used.

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Labour market outcomes of undergraduates' choice of subject are important for public policy and for students. Policy interest is indicated by the prominence of ‘employability’ in public discourse and in proposals to concentrate government funding in England in supporting STEM subjects (science, technology, engineering and mathematics). As students in England face the prospect of bearing the full financial burden of undergraduate tuition, the large differences between wage premia for different subjects may become of increasing interest. We find that, even after taking account of differences in motivation towards the choice of undergraduate subject, males and members of certain non‐White ethnic groups are more likely to choose ‘high wage‐premium’ subjects. We also find some significant differences between the motivations of different minority ethnic groups. However, students from lower income households are less likely to choose high wage premium subjects, which is a concern for this aspect of policy towards participation in higher education and social mobility.

Growing learners' motivation to study through the use of learning model is relevant to the challenges for professional educators. Jigsaw II cooperative learning model was the result of developing Jigsaw cooperative learning pioneered by Aronson. Learning model was a model whose one of the goals is to improve motivation and learning achievements in depth through understanding of lecture matter to study with to be made in more specifically. The effectiveness of jigsaw II cooperative learning model in college was already investigated and analyzed by using a qualitative method. The focus of this research was the effectiveness of Jigsaw II cooperative learning model in improving students' understanding on course materials. The results of the analysis showed that Jigsaw II cooperative learning model was one of the models which was more effective in improving students' understanding on course material of citizenship education in higher education.