c-myc, N-myc and L-myc are the three members of the myc oncoprotein family whose role in the pathogenesis of many human neoplastic diseases has received wide empirical support. In this review, we ®rst summarize data, derived mainly from non-clinical studies, indicating that these oncoproteins actually serve quite di erent roles in vivo. This concept necessarily lies at the heart of the basis for the observation that the deregulated expression of each MYC gene is reproducibly associated with only certain naturally occurring malignancies in humans and that these genes are not interchangeable with respect to their aberrant functional consequences. We also review evidence implicating each of the above MYC genes in speci®c neoplastic diseases and have attempted to identify unresolved questions which deserve further basic or clinical investigation. We have made every attempt to review those diseases for which signi®cant and con®rmatory evidence, based on studies with primary tumor material, exists to implicate MYC members in their causation and/or progression.

Additional follow-up of this large cohort of HD survivors documents an increasing occurrence of known radiation-associated solid tumors, (breast and thyroid cancers), as well as emergence of epithelial neoplasms common in adults, (colon and lung cancers) at a younger age than expected in the general population, necessitating ongoing surveillance of this high risk population.

A B S T R A C TDifficulties with negotiating and achieving desired social outcomes in life may be exacerbated by the experience of childhood cancer, including adverse effects from therapies used to achieve a cure. This review of previous publications from the Childhood Cancer Survivor Study (CCSS) and other relevant literature provides insight into the prevalence of, and risk factors for, poor educational attainment, less than optimal employment status, and interpersonal relationship issues among long-term survivors of childhood cancer. The impacts of emotional health and physical disability on social outcomes are also examined. Study results suggest that childhood cancer survivors generally have similar high school graduation rates, but are more likely to require special education services than sibling comparison groups. Survivors are slightly less likely than expected to attend college, and are more likely to be unemployed and not married as young adults. Cancers and treatments that result in impairment to the CNS, particularly brain tumors, or that impact sensory functioning, such as hearing loss, are associated with greater risk for undesirable social outcomes, as are emotional health problems and physical disability. This review of relevant data from CCSS and other studies provides information on risk factors for social problems into adulthood. A greater understanding of the long-term social impacts from the diagnosis and treatment of childhood cancer is critically important for developing targeted interventions to prevent or ameliorate adverse psychosocial effects.

In previous work in our laboratories and in the ocean, we have investigated the formation and dissociation of composite CO2 particles made of CO2 hydrate, liquid CO2, and water. The composite is formed by partially converting liquid CO2 into hydrate at mid‐ocean depth (1000–1200 m) conditions. Partial conversion of CO2 into hydrate enables injection of CO2 in seawater in the form of a dense composite material that will drive CO2 to ocean depths well below the injection point. Thermodynamic conditions allowing the formation of negatively buoyant composite particles have been established for a laboratory‐scale, continuous‐jet hydrate reactor (CJHR). An investigation has been performed to explore the issues related to the scale‐up of the CJHR. Hydrate was formed using two CJHR geometries; the first sprayed water in CO2, and the second sprayed CO2 in water. Using a plot of Ohnesorge vs. Reynolds numbers allowed flow rates to be selected that would yield a spray regime and maximize hydrate formation. The effect of varying pressure and liquid flow rates on hydrate behavior was observed. Depending on these parameters, hydrate particles were observed to sink, float, or be neutrally buoyant. A two‐order‐of‐magnitude scale‐up in the flow rates of the two fluids has been achieved with the larger CJHR geometries without losing the important characteristics of the hydrate particles (i.e., density and cohesiveness). Temperature changes as a result of hydrate formation were also monitored. A mathematical model has been developed to predict the fate of sinking CO2 hydrate particles after release in the seawater. These results can guide further field and laboratory investigations related to the scale‐up of ocean CO2 sequestration. © 2007 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2007

We found evidence that long-term neuroblastoma survivors, especially those with hearing loss, are at elevated risk for academic learning problems and psychosocial difficulties. We also found strong concordance between parent-reported learning problems in the child and indications of distress in the child's self-reported quality of life.

Background Treatment cures over 90% of children with Wilms tumor (WT) who subsequently risk late morbidity and mortality. This study describes the 25-year outcomes of 5-year Wilms tumor survivors in the Childhood Cancer Survivor Study (CCSS). Procedure The CCSS, a multi-institutional retrospective cohort study, assessed Wilms tumor survivors (n=1256), diagnosed 1970 – 1986, for chronic health conditions, health status, health care utilization, socioeconomic status, subsequent malignant neoplasms (SMNs), and mortality compared to the US population and a sibling cohort (n=4023). Results The cumulative incidence of all and severe chronic health conditions was 65.4% and 24.2% at 25 years. Hazard Ratios [HR] were 2.0, 95% Confidence Interval [CI], 1.8-2.3 for grades 1 -4 and 4.7, 95% CI, 3.6-6.1 for grade 3-4, compared to sibling group. WT survivors reported more adverse general health status than the sibling group (Prevalence Ratio [PR] 1.7; 95% CI, 1.2–2.4), but mental health status, socioeconomic outcome, and health care utilization were similar. The cumulative incidence of SMN was 3.0% (95%CI, 1.9–4.0%) and of mortality was 6.1% (95%CI, 4.7-7.4%). Radiation exposure increased the likelihood of congestive heart failure (CHF) (no doxorubicin - HR 6.6; 95%CI, 1.6-28.3; doxorubicin ≤ 250 mg/m2 - HR 13.0; 95%CI, 1.9-89.7; doxorubicin > 250 mg/m2 - HR 18.3; 95%CI, 3.8-88.2), SMN (Standardized Incidence Ratio [SIR] 9.0; 95%CI, 3.9-17.7 with and 4.9; 95%CI, 1.8-10.6 without doxorubicin) and death. Conclusion Long-term survivors of WT treated from 1970 to 1986 are at increased risk of treatment related morbidity and mortality 25 years from diagnosis.

BACKGROUND. With increasing numbers of childhood cancer survivors, direct sequelae of cancer therapy and psychosocial outcomes are becoming more important. The authors described psychosocial outcomes (education, employment, health insurance, and marriage) for survivors of pediatric lower extremity bone tumors. METHODS. The long-term follow-up study of the Childhood Cancer Survivor Study is a multiinstitutional cohort study comprising 14,054 individuals who have survived for 5 or more years after treatment for cancer diagnosed during childhood or adolescence. Baseline demographic and medical information were obtained. Six hundred ninety-four survivors had osteosarcoma or Ewing sarcoma of the lower extremity or pelvis and were classified by amputation status and by age at diagnosis. The median age at diagnosis was 14 years old with a median of 16 years of follow up since diagnosis. Demographic characteristics were used to analyze the rates of psychosocial outcomes. RESULTS. Amputation status and age at diagnosis did not significantly influence any of the measured psychosocial outcomes. Education was a significant positive predictor of employment, having health insurance, and being currently in their first marriage. Male gender predicted ever being employed and female gender predicted having health insurance and marriage. When compared with siblings, amputees had significant deficits in education, employment, and health insurance. CONCLUSIONS. Overall, no differences between amputees and nonamputees were found. However, gender and education play a prominent role. When compared with siblings, amputees in this cohort may benefit from additional supports.

Primary caregivers with lower levels of perceived social support may benefit from preemptive stress management intervention.