We examined the on- and off-responses of the photopic electroretinogram in patients with complete congenital stationary night blindness. Standard flash electroretinograms as well as those produced in a ganzfeld modified for long-duration light stimuli (500 msec) permitted the separation of on- and off-responses in four patients and four normal subjects. The amplitude and latency of the elctroretinogram on-response (a- and b-waves) and off-response (d-wave) in addition to the oscillatory potentials of the off-response in normal subjects and patients were compared. The abnormal on-response was demonstrated in all the patients, and the off-response with its oscillatory potentials were preserved. We showed that the second portion of the off-response (of inner retinal origin) is normal. If congenital stationary night blindness is a defect of depolarizing bipolar cells, these results preclude input of the depolarizing bipolar cells and support the hyperpolarizing bipolar cells as the cellular origin of the off-response electroretinogram.
Diabetes being the greatest challenge of the century and the fact that it affects almost all of the tissues and organs in the body warrants research into the effects of diabetes on every structure. This study was designed with the aim of finding out any association between diabetes and central corneal thickness and to evaluate the effect of diabetes treatment on central corneal thickness. Objectives a. To find out the differences between CCT values amongst diabetic and non-diabetic patients, if any. b. To assess the presence of any significant change in these measurements after successful control of hyperglycaemia. Methods: A comparative prospective study was conducted in the Dept. of Ophthalmology, Sree Mookambika Institute of Medical Sciences, Kulasekharam to evaluate the effect of diabetes on CCT. A total of 84 subjects were studied which included 42 diabetics. After thorough systemic and ocular CCT was measured using ultrasound pachymeter. The study was initiated after obtaining ethical clearance from the institution's ethical clearance committee. The collected data was analysed using SPSS software version 20.0. Results: Majority of the study subjects were male in both diabetic group (52.4%) and non-diabetic group (54.8%). The mean CCT among non-diabetics were 529 and among diabetics were 554.5. Students 't' test was used to compare the corneal thickness between diabetic and non-diabetic patients. P value less than 0.05 is considered as significant. In this study it is found that there is significant difference in CCT OD 1 and CCT OS 1 in diabetic and non-diabetic patients. And the difference in CCT was found to be statistically significant. In this study we have also found out that there is strong positive correlation between CCT and diabetic control as per the pearson coefficient evaluation. In this study it is found that there is no significant difference in CCT following diabetic control in diabetic patients. Also, CCT was not correlated with the duration of diabetes. But the effect of control was not evaluated with serial HbA1c and a few patients didn't have good control of diabetes either. Conclusion:Diabetes is a serious and extremely prevalent systemic illness in today's scenario which was previously considered a disease of the affluent, diabetes has become a problem of epidemic proportions, contributing to significant morbidity and mortality. And India is moving fast in this race to become a Diabetes Capital of the world. Such being the case, it warrants further research in the field by the medical fraternity, to aid in prevention, early diagnosis, delaying progression and management of the disease. The effects of diabetes on the eye have been studied but as the prevalence of diabetes increases with all the generation, it demands further detailed research activities into the effect's diagnosis and management of diabetes in the eye. In our study we tried to bring to light the effects of diabetes on corneal thickness, which in turn might affect even the management of glaucoma. We evaluated a group of d...
Primary open angle glaucoma is the most common form of glaucoma accounting for at least half of all the glaucomas. It is also known as chronic open angle glaucoma and chronic simple glaucoma. It is usually asymptomatic until significant visual field loss has happened. Patients usually present with considerable amount of visual field loss in one eye and advanced disease in the other eye. Diabetes Mellitus is one among the risk factors for POAG. Objectives ▪ To study the hospital-based prevalence of POAG among the diabetic patients attending Sree Mookambika Institute of Medical Sciences (SMIMS), Kulasekharam. ▪ To study the risk factors associated with POAG. ▪To screen all diabetic patients for glaucoma. Methods: In this study, 181 diabetic patients, both insulin dependent and non-insulin dependent, attending Sree Mookambika Institute of Medical Sciences, who came directly to Department of Ophthalmology or who were referred here for evaluation, between December 2016 and August 2018 had been screened to rule out Primary Open Angle Glaucoma (POAG). Results:The results of the study show a clear-cut evidence of increased incidence of POAG in diabetic patients, which was 5%. There is a significant association between age and POAG. No significant association was found between gender and POAG. No significant association was found between duration of DM and prevalence of POAG. Conclusion: Primary Open Angle glaucoma is mostly asymptomatic until significant visual field loss has occurred. Patients usually presents with significant visual field loss in one eye and advanced disease in the other eye. It is associated with irreversible blindness. Thus, the public health importance of detecting undiagnosed and treatable glaucoma, as blindness has economic and societal consequences for the rest of an individual's life. Several studies have shown an association between POAG and diabetes. From my study, I came to a conclusion that there is a clear-cut evidence of increased incidence of POAG in diabetic patients, which was 5%. Study also showed significant association between age and POAG. However, no significant association was found between gender and POAG as well as between duration of DM and prevalence of POAG.
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