Autonomous and Adaptative Cyber-Physical Systems (ACPS) represent a new knowledge frontier of converging “nano-bio-info-cogno” technologies and applications. ACPS have the ability to integrate new `mutagenic’ technologies, i.e., technologies able to cause mutations in the society. Emerging approaches, such as artificial intelligence techniques and deep learning, enable exponential speedups for supporting increasingly higher levels of autonomy and self-adaptation. In spite of this disruptive landscape, however, deployment and broader adoption of ACPS in safety-critical scenarios remains challenging. In this paper, we address some challenges that are stretching the limits of ACPS safety engineering, including tightly related aspects such as ethics and resilience. We argue that a paradigm change is needed that includes the entire socio-technical aspects, including trustworthiness, responsibility, liability, as well as the ACPS ability to learn from past events, anticipate long-term threads and recover from unexpected behaviors.
Application of the half-filter method to the flash radiography using a neutral filter in the range of X-rays J-L. GERSTENMAYER P. VIBERT Centre d'Etudes de Vaujours, CEA AB STRACTThe purpose of this paper is a new application of the already known in optics half-filter bootstrap method in the frame of radiography in order to calibrate X film pack detectors. The key to this method is the practical calculation of a "grey filter" in the range of hard X rays (1MeV maxi.).
INTRODUCTIONUsing X rays to make a quantitative analysis of the areal masses of irradiated objects requires a previous calibration of the screen film receptor. Currently used methods [1] need a reproductible, isotropic, monoenergetic radiation source. Such conditions are rarely met in flash radiography, and it may be uneasy for the radiologist to calibrate film-packs receptors. Thus we have tried to adapt the already known in optics half filter method: one can expose differently two receptors, looking at the same object and thus containing the same information. Between this two receptors is insert a grey filter (spectraly neutral) with a well known k transmission coefficient. Each point of the second film receives a flux equal to k times the one of the first film (k < 1).The characteristic Optical Density-Log(Erei) relative calibration curve is then determined by a bootstrap niethod (recurrence).This method requires only an accurate knowledge of the /c coefficient and allows to obtain the receptor film response from a single flash, neither calibrated nor isotropic in flux, in the hard X rays range (about 1 MeV). The object which is analysed by radiography provides a sufficient modulation of the radiation field to encompass the usefull density range of X rays film-pack.This method of calibration is only relative or implies as known the relationship between the received X ray intensity and the illumination secondly produced by the intensifying screen. 286 / SPIE Vol. 1346 Ultrahigh-and High-Speed Photography, Videography, Photonics, and Velocimetry '90 Downloaded From: http://proceedings.spiedigitallibrary.org/ on 06/21/2016 Terms of Use: http://spiedigitallibrary.org/ss/TermsOfUse.aspx
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