Currently, professional football in Europe is in a deep financial crisis. Amidst the five major European leagues (England, France, Germany, Italy, Spain), only France is not in a bad situation despite this country suffering from a low level of the demand from fans and a weakness in the urban system. The aim of this article is to show how the better regulation of the French organization explains this success. This organization is based upon three pillars: solidarity (revenue sharing), training (by all clubs), and financing control. Finally, the question is to know whether such a system should be extended throughout Europe.Although French football seems to have been spared the financial difficulties that have hit professional football elsewhere in Europe, it is at the same time suffering from liabilities linked to the weakness of its urban structure and to a certain lack of demand. In this article, we assess this hypothesis and then analyze the reasons for such an exception.The first section presents the regulatory framework of professional football since the end of the 19th century. The second section analyzes the two major crises that struck French football at the end of the 1960s and in the mid-1980s. The third section draws up a detailed balance sheet of the current financial situation of French football, which brings out the French exception: French clubs' debts are entirely unlike the financial drain the Italian clubs, for example, have experienced. The fourth section presents what could be called the French paradox: that the relationship between the sporting results of clubs and the economic power of the towns and cities that host them is not a linear one. The fifth section enables the exception and the paradox to be understood, with the presentation of the French regulatory system, which is organized around three principles: solidarity, financial control, and training. The last section explores the way forward.
The production and consumption of the sporting event generates not only positive externalities (social peace and social links, etc.), butalso negative ones (hooliganism and doping, etc.). Therefore, it is necessary to try to internalize these external effects and determine the total economic value of the sporting event, which would measure the real net social utility created. On this basis, it would be possible to decide whether sporting events deserve to be subsidised—and at whatlevel. More than the general principle that the economic calculation can provide to make a decision, such a determination of the total economic value of a sporting event poses formidable methodological problems. In the case study presented, the authors believe they have reduced many of the biases attached to the travel costs method and contingent valuation method. However, faced with the shortcomings of the cost/benefit method (even when expanded), it is nowadays recommended to resort to a deliberative approach with a view to providing some help in making a decision.
As a result of the growth of the football players' transfer market and the increased availability of data, scholars from different fields have been investigating the topic of the empirical determination of the football players’ valuation, that is, transfer fees or monetary valuation proposed by media, for 30 years. We propose a systematic review of the topic to provide the research community with an overview of the determinants of football players' valuation. Peer‐reviewed papers written in English on men's football presenting fully available and interpretable econometrical results were selected. Based on the careful analysis of the 29 selected papers and their empirical models, this study has two main implications. First, it classifies all the independent variables used in the literature to explain or predict football players’ valuation, and proposes a set of core explanatory variables, with associated expected signs, that constitutes the common ground on which to build further research. Second, by presenting the state of the art in the current empirical literature, it highlights the existing gaps and suggests precise future research objectives. From a more general perspective, the review provides empirical insights for researchers interested in the valuation of human resources, signaling theory, market design, or bargaining theory.
Distribution électronique Cairn.info pour Armand Colin. © Armand Colin. Tous droits réservés pour tous pays.La reproduction ou représentation de cet article, notamment par photocopie, n'est autorisée que dans les limites des conditions générales d'utilisation du site ou, le cas échéant, des conditions générales de la licence souscrite par votre établissement. Toute autre reproduction ou représentation, en tout ou partie, sous quelque forme et de quelque manière que ce soit, est interdite sauf accord préalable et écrit de l'éditeur, en dehors des cas prévus par la législation en vigueur en France. Il est précisé que son stockage dans une base de données est également interdit.
De nombreuses études d’impact économique ont été commanditées afin de vérifier que les grands événements sportifs peuvent influer sur le niveau d’activité économique du territoire hôte. L’attraction de nombreux touristes est le plus souvent placée au centre de l’analyse. Néanmoins, ces travaux font toujours l’objet de multiples controverses. En effet, de redoutables problèmes méthodologiques se posent pour effectuer un tel calcul, et les résultats doivent être interprétés avec beaucoup de précautions. Nous avons essayé d’éviter les principaux biais liés au calcul d’impact pour élaborer une évaluation la plus fiable possible d’un méga-événement sportif. En utilisant la théorie de la base et en collectant une information de qualité sur le terrain, nous nous sommes efforcés d’éviter les erreurs les plus communes.Nous avons choisi la Coupe du monde de rugby 2007, en France, pour illustrer ce débat. Les spectateurs étrangers sont à l’origine de l’essentiel du montant de l’impact économique sur les régions françaises, avec de grandes différences selon leurs nationalités et leurs profils sociodémographiques. Il apparaît ainsi que l’impact régional de la manifestation est d’autant plus fort que les parties accueillies ont attiré beaucoup de spectateurs étrangers, dotés d’un haut niveau de revenus et de dépenses. Des enseignements peuvent être tirés d’un tel résultat pour les organisateurs qui veulent accueillir un grand événement sportif
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