-Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) should be a key technology in order to achieve a decline in the CO 2 emissions intensity of the power sector and other intensive industry, but this potential deployment could be restricted by cost issues as the International Energy Agency (IEA) in their last projections (World Energy Outlook 2013) has considered only around 1% of global fossil fuel-fired power plants could be equipped with CCS by 2035. The SiteChar project funded by 7 th Framework Programme of European Commission gives the opportunity to evaluate the most influential parameters of techno-economic evaluations of four feasible European projects for CO 2 geological storage located onshore and offshore and related to aquifer storage or oil and gas reservoirs, at different stages of characterization. Four potential CO 2 storage sites have been assessed in terms of storage costs per tonne of CO 2 permanently stored (equivalent cost based). They are located offshore UK, onshore Denmark, offshore Norway and offshore Italy. The four SiteChar techno-economic evaluations confirm it is not possible to derive any meaningful average cost for a CO 2 storage site. The results demonstrate that the structure of costs for a project is heterogeneous and the storage cost is consequently site dependent. The strategy of the site development is fundamental, the technical choices such as the timing, rate and duration of injection are also important. The way monitoring is managed, using observation wells and logging has a strong impact on the estimated monitoring costs. Options to lower monitoring costs, such as permanent surveys, exist and should be further investigated. Table 1 below summarizes the cost range in Euro per tonne (Discount Rate (DR) at 8%) for the different sites, which illustrates the various orders of magnitude due to the specificities of each site. These figures have how to be considered with care. In particular the Italian and Norwegian sites present very specific features that explain the high estimated costs. For the Italian site, the short duration of CO 2 injection associated with a low injection rate makes the CO 2 project comparable to a demo project. The Norwegian site is an offshore site located in a virgin area with high infrastructure costs and a combination of injection duration and injection rate that makes the derived costs very sensitive to the discount rate. The results for both UK and Danish sites confirm therefore the value range calculated by the European Technology Platform for Zero Emission Fossil Fuel Power Plants (ZEP).The main uncertainties in the costs are linked both to the choice of economic parameters (e.g. injected quantities, contingencies) and to the technical choice of operations. This has been studied by sensitivity analyses: for example, if an injection rate is halved and the injection duration is doubled, the Equivalent Storage Cost (ESC) increases by 23% (UK case at 8% DR). Introducing a water production well and water treatment facilities also increases the ESC by 23%, at ...
-L'identification des grandes tendances et des paramètres critiques de l'évolution du prix du pétrole brut et des carburants est un des éléments avec la question du changement climatique pour définir des politiques publiques en matière de développement de filières de carburants alternatifs dans les transports. Le travail présenté ici essaie de proposer une grille d'analyse dans ce sens à la fois sur l'appréciation du marché à court terme (part des phénomènes géopolitiques) et sur les scénarios possibles de long terme. Les notions de prix plancher (basé sur le coût marginal de production) et de prix plafond (coût de solutions alternatives ou de substitution) sont explicitées comme éléments définissant la fenêtre de variation des prix du pétrole brut sur un marché international. Des scénarios sur les changements possibles de l'offre (par exemple sur les bruts non conventionnels) et de la demande (sous contrainte CO 2) sont présentés pour évaluer cette fourchette possible : de 80 à 160 $/b en dollar constant. Les scénarios des prix des carburants et particulièrement celui du gazole sont ensuite déduits de cette analyse, à partir desquels sont positionnés les prix des biocarburants (ici issus des huiles végétales) et donc les enjeux de leur compétitivité économique hors mécanismes d'incitation.
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