Although several real multimodal systems have been built, their development still remains a difficult task. In this paper we address this problem of development of multimodal interfaces by describing a component-based approach, called ICARE, for rapidly developing multimodal interfaces. ICARE stands for Interaction-CARE (Complementarity Assignment Redundancy Equivalence). Our component-based approach relies on two types of software components. Firstly ICARE elementary components include Device components and Interaction Language components that enable us to develop pure modalities. The second type of components, called Composition components, define combined usages of modalities. Reusing and assembling ICARE components enable rapid development of multimodal interfaces. We have developed several multimodal systems using ICARE and we illustrate the discussion using one of them: the FACET simulator of the Rafale French military plane cockpit.
Background
In the UK, annual influenza vaccination is currently recommended for adults aged 16–64 years who are in a clinical at-risk group. Despite recommendations, rates of vaccine uptake in the UK have historically been low and below national and international targets. This study aims to analyse vaccine uptake among adults in clinical at-risk groups from the 2015–2016 influenza season to the present.
Methods
A retrospective analysis of influenza vaccine coverage in the UK was conducted using data extracted from publicly available sources. Clinically at-risk individuals (as defined by Public Health England), including pregnant women, aged 16–64 years, were included in this study.
Results
Influenza vaccination coverage rates across the UK in adults aged 16–64 years in a clinical at-risk group have been consistently low over the past 5 years, with only 48.0, 42.4, 44.1 and 52.4% of eligible patients in England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland receiving their annual influenza vaccination during the 2018–2019 influenza season. Influenza vaccine coverage was lowest in patients with morbid obesity and highest in patients with diabetes in 2018–2019. Coverage rates were below current national ambitions of ≥75% in all clinical risk groups. In these clinical at-risk groups, influenza vaccine coverage decreased between 2015 and 2019, and there was considerable regional variation.
Conclusions
Uptake of the influenza vaccine by adults aged 16–64 years in a clinical at-risk group was substantially below the national ambitions. As a result, many individuals in the UK remain at high risk of developing severe influenza or complications. Given that people who are vulnerable to COVID-19 are also at increased risk of complications from influenza, during the 2020–2021 season, there is a heightened need for healthcare professionals across the UK to address suboptimal vaccine uptake, particularly in at-risk patients. Healthcare professionals and policymakers should consider measures targeted at increasing access to and awareness of the clinical benefits of the influenza vaccine.
Abstract:The main characteristic of a mobile collaborative mixed system is that augmentation of the physical environment of one user occurs through available knowledge of where the user is and what the other users are doing. Links between the physical and digital worlds are no longer static but dynamically defined by users to create a collaborative augmented environment. In this article we present generic interaction techniques for smoothly combining the physical and digital worlds of a mobile user in the context of a collaborative situation. We illustrate the generic nature of the techniques with two systems that we developed: MAGIC for archaeological fieldwork and TROC a mobile collaborative game.
Abstract. Multimodal interactive systems offer a flexibility of interaction that increases their complexity. ICARE is a component-based approach to specify and develop multimodal interfaces using a fusion mechanism in a modality independent way. ICARE being reused to produce several multimodal applications, we want to ensure the correctness of its fusion mechanism. So we validate it using a test architecture based on Java technologies. This paper presents our validation approach, its results, its advantges and its limits.
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