Aims Itraconazole is a potent inhibitor of CYP3A4 activity and is often used in combination with corticosteroids. Since the latter are partly metabolized by CYP3A4, we studied the interaction between itraconazole, prednisone and methylprednisolone in healthy male subjects. Methods The effects of 4 days administration of oral itraconazole (400 mg on the ®rst day then 200 mg day x1 for 3 days) on the pharmacokinetics of prednisolone after a single oral dose of prednisone (60 mg) and the pharmacokinetics of methylprednisolone after single oral dose of methylprednisolone (48 mg) were studied in 14 healthy male subjects in a two-period cross-over trial. Plasma cortisol concentrations were determined as a pharmacodynamic index. Results Itraconazole increased the mean area under the methylprednisolone concentration-time curve from 2773 ng ml x1 h to 7011 ng ml x1 h (P<0.001) and the elimination half-life from 3.2 h to 5.5 h (P<0.001). The pharmacokinetics of prednisolone were unchanged. Cortisol concentrations at 24 h were lower after administration of methylprednisolone with itraconazole than after methylprednisolone alone (24 ng ml x1 vs 109 ng ml x1 , P<0.001). Conclusions Itraconazole increased methylprednisolone concentrations markedly with enhanced suppression of endogenous cortisol secretion, but had no effect on prednisolone pharmacokinetics. The pharmacokinetic interaction between methylprednisolone and itraconazole is probably related to inhibition of hepatic CYP3A4 activity by itraconazole.

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Aims Obesity can modify the pharmacokinetics of lipophilic drugs. As b-adrenoceptor blockers (BB) are often prescribed for obese patients suffering from hypertension or coronary heart disease, this study compares the pharmacokinetics of lipophilic b-adrenoceptor blockers in obese and control subjects. Methods Nine obese (157±24% of ideal body weight (IBW) mean±s.d.) and nine non-obese healthy volunteers (98±10% IBW), aged 32±9 years, were included in the study. Subjects were randomly given a single i.v. infusion of one of the following racemic b-adrenoceptor blockers, whose doses (expressed as base per kg of IBW) were: propranolol (0.108 mg), labetalol (0.99 mg) and nebivolol (0.073 mg ). The plasma concentrations of unchanged drugs were measured by h.p.l.c. The ionisation constants and lipophilicity parameters of b-adrenoceptor blockers were assessed. Results The pharmacokinetic data for the three drugs were qualitatively similar. There was a trend towards a greater total distribution volume (V ss ) in obese patients than in controls. However, V ss expressed per kg body weight was slightly smaller in obese patients. The relationship between V ss and lipophilicity of five b-adrenoceptor was studied by combining the current results with those previously obtained with a moderately lipophilic drug (bisoprolol ) and a hydrophilic one (sotalol). The V ss of the five drugs was positively and well-correlated (r 2 =0.90; P<0.01) with their distribution coefficient at pH 7.4 (log D 7.4 ), but not with their partition coefficients. The linear regression coefficients for lean and obese subjects were very similar. Conclusions Lipophilic b-adrenoceptor blockers seem to diffuse less into adipose than into lean tissues. All electrical forms of the drugs (i.e. cations, neutral forms, or zwitterions) present at physiological pH contribute to their tissue distribution, in both obese and lean subjects.Their tissue distribution in obese patients could be restricted by the sum of hydrophobic forces and hydrogen bonds they elicit with macromolecules in lean tissues.

As compared with IV patient-controlled analgesia, intrathecal morphine or combined sufentanil and morphine provided superior postoperative pain relief both at rest (11 h) and on coughing (8 h) than did IV patient-controlled analgesia morphine alone. IV morphine requirement was decreased during the first postoperative day after posterolateral thoracotomy.

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The distribution of nebivolol in the adipose tissue in obese subjects is limited, despite its high lipophilicity. The differences between obese and non-obese subjects were not clinically relevant.

We investigated the pharmacokinetics and safety of an oral solution of itraconazole in two groups of neutropenic children stratified by age. Effective concentrations of itraconazole in plasma were reached quickly and maintained throughout treatment. The results indicate a trend toward higher concentrations of itraconazole in plasma in older children.Invasive fungal infections are frequently observed in neutropenic patients (4). Several antifungal agents are available to treat and prevent invasive mycoses, but poor efficacy and a narrow spectrum of activity can limit their use (4, 17). Itraconazole is a broad-spectrum, orally active, triazole, which has favorable pharmacokinetics and is effective against many mycopathogens, including Candida and Aspergillus species (6, 15). An oral capsule formulation of itraconazole is as effective as intravenous amphotericin B (16), but it must be taken with food to be absorbed effectively. Additionally, children may experience difficulty in swallowing solid drug formulations, so itraconazole capsules are seldom used in children (2).A 10-mg/ml oral solution of itraconazole in combination with hydroxypropyl-␤-cyclodextrin has been developed, which is effective in adults receiving bone marrow autografts (11), adults in remission from acute myeloid leukemia (12), and HIV-positive adult patients with oral candidiasis (8, 10). Furthermore, the itraconazole oral solution prevents fungal infections in neutropenic adults (7, 9). Data regarding itraconazole oral solution in children are limited, although one study showed that it provided potentially therapeutic concentrations (3).Children aged between 2 and 5 years (group 1) or between 6 and 12 years (group 2) were enrolled into this open-label, multicenter trial. All children were hospitalized for chemotherapy and were at risk of invasive fungal infection. Patients were excluded if they had received a bone marrow allograft or whole-body irradiation, had taken an inducer or inhibitor of hepatic metabolism within 2 weeks before the trial, had neutropenia that was expected to last for fewer than 14 days, or had been treated with astemizole, terfenadine, digoxin, or warfarin. The trial protocol was approved by the local ethics committee. Parental consent and, if possible, consent from the children were obtained. The trial was performed in accordance with the declaration of Helsinki and its amendments, and with French law.All patients received itraconazole oral solution (2.5 mg/kg) twice daily. Treatment was started 7 to 10 days before expected onset of neutropenia and was discontinued 2 days after neutropenia had ended or if the investigator felt it clinically necessary to switch to amphotericin B. Itraconazole oral solution was given before breakfast and then 12 h later, before the evening meal. Predose blood samples (4 ml) were taken from an antecubital vein immediately before the morning administration of itraconazole (8 or 9 a.m.) on day 1, then every 2 days until the neutrophil count recovered, and then after a further 2 days. Additio...