The considerable growth in the science and application of pulmonary rehabilitation since 2006 adds further support for its efficacy in a wide range of individuals with chronic respiratory disease.

This document has been developed by an international committee and has been endorsed by both the ATS and the ERS. It places pulmonary rehabilitation within the concept of integrated care. The World Health Organization has defined integrated care as "a concept bringing together inputs, delivery, management and organization of services related to diagnosis, treatment, care, rehabilitation and health promotion" (1). Integration of services improves access, quality, user satisfaction, and efficiency of medical care. As such, pulmonary rehabilitation provides an opportunity to coordinate care and focus on the entire clinical course of an individual's disease.Building on previous statements (2, 3), this document presents recent scientific advances in our understanding of the multisystemic effects of chronic respiratory disease and how pulmonary rehabilitation addresses the resultant functional limitations. It was created as a comprehensive statement, using both a firm evidence-based approach and the clinical expertise of the writing committee. As such, it is complementary to two current documents on pulmonary rehabilitation: the American College of Chest Physicians and American Association of Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Rehabilitation (AACVPR) evidence-based guidelines (4), which formally grade the level of scientific evidence, and the AACVPR Guidelines for Pulmonary Rehabilitation Programs (5), which give practical recommendations.

Precision medicine is a patient-specific approach that integrates all relevant clinical, genetic and biological information in order to optimise the therapeutic benefit relative to the possibility of side-effects for each individual. Recent clinical trials have shown that higher blood eosinophil counts are associated with a greater efficacy of inhaled corticosteroids (ICSs) in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) patients. Blood eosinophil counts are a biomarker with potential to be used in clinical practice, to help target ICS treatment with more precision in COPD patients with a history of exacerbations despite appropriate bronchodilator treatment.The Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD) 2017 pharmacological treatment algorithms, based on the ABCD assessment, can be applied relatively easily to treatment-naive individuals at initial presentation. However, their use is more problematic during follow-up in patients who are already on maintenance treatment. There is a need for a different system to guide COPD pharmacological management during follow-up.Recent large randomised controlled trials have provided important new information concerning the therapeutic effects of ICSs and long-acting bronchodilators on exacerbations. The new evidence regarding blood eosinophils and inhaled treatments, and the need to distinguish between initial and follow-up pharmacological management, led to changes in the GOLD pharmacological treatment recommendations. This article explains the evidence and rationale for the GOLD 2019 pharmacological treatment recommendations.

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Background: Self-managementinterventionsimprovevarious outcomes for many chronic diseases. The definite place of self-management in the care of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) has not been established. We evaluated the effect of a continuum of self-management, specific to COPD, on the use of hospital services and health status among patients with moderate to severe disease.

Home rehabilitation is a useful, equivalent alternative to outpatient rehabilitation in patients with COPD.

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This study suggests a possible causal effect of depression on COPD exacerbations and hospitalizations. Further studies are warranted to confirm this finding and to test the effectiveness of antidepressants and psychotherapies on reducing exacerbations and improving health resource utilizations.