The most common motive associated with foreign bodies of the genitourinary tract is sexual or erotic in nature. The most suitable method of removing a urethral foreign body depends on the size and mobility of the object applied to the genitourinary tract. When possible, endoscopic and minimal invasive techniques of removal should be used. However, surgical retrieval of a foreign body may be required, particularly when there is a severe associated inflammatory reaction.

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At presentation incidental tumors are of significantly lower stage and grade than tumors producing symptoms. Subsequently these clinically and histologically less aggressive lesions lead to better patient survival and decreased recurrence. Thus, the detection of renal cell carcinoma before symptom onset enables treatment of less aggressive tumors and provides a better prognosis for patients. Given these data efforts should be directed toward the development of a screening protocol to detect these lesions early, so that they may be prevented from progressing to the point when symptoms are apparent and prognosis becomes worse. In addition, the significant correlation of tumor grade with survival in our study further demonstrates the prognostic value of tumor grade and molecular markers for the future evaluation and treatment of renal cell carcinoma.

Renal cell carcinoma with tumor thrombus is associated with worse characteristics. Local tumor extension has greater prognostic importance than the level of inferior vena caval tumor thrombus. Survival is fair in patients with truly confined N0M0 disease and thrombus. The combination of surgery and immunotherapy has a role in thrombus cases. Our data provide the rationale for a prospective study of adjuvant immunotherapy after surgery in N0M0 cases with extensive tumor thrombus.

Boron affects human steroid hormone levels. Circulating testosterone and estradiol levels have been proposed to modify prostate cancer risk. However, the association between dietary boron intake and the risk of prostate cancer has not been evaluated by any epidemiological study. We explored the association between dietary boron intake and the risk of prostate cancer in the USA. Our analysis was based on data from the third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III). Crosssectional case-control study design was employed by comparing boron intake of 95 prostate cancer cases with that of 8,720 male controls. After controlling for age, race, education, smoking, body mass index, dietary caloric intake, and alcohol consumption, increased dietary boron intake was associated with a decreased risk of prostate cancer with a doseresponse pattern. The adjusted odds ratio was 0.46 (95% confidence interval: 0.21-0.98) for the highest quartile of boron intake comparing to the lowest quartile (P for trend = 0.0525). The observed association should be interpreted with caution because of the small case sample size and the nature of the cross-sectional study design, but deserve further investigation.