States varied in the frequency of high resource utilization for congenital heart surgery. Patients who had greater disease complexity, younger age, prematurity, other anomalies, and Medicaid and were admitted during a weekend were more likely to result in high resource utilization. Institutions of various types did not differ in high cost admissions, regardless of children's hospital or teaching status.

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Otolaryngologists took actions not only to treat their patients, but also to improve patient care in their practice, department, hospital, or community. Emotional reactions to errors and adverse events are common and need to be addressed in medical training and practice.

C-CHEWS has excellent discrimination to identify deterioration in children with cardiac disease and performed significantly better than PEWS both as an ordinal variable and when choosing cut points to maximize AUROC. C-CHEWS has a higher sensitivity than PEWS at all cut points.

These data are the 1st to link clinical nursing experience with pediatric patient outcomes. A cut point of 20% RNs or greater with 2 years' clinical experience or less was determined to significantly affect inpatient mortality. Participation in national quality metric benchmarking programs was significantly associated with improved mortality.

This is the first study to demonstrate that higher levels of nursing education and experience are significantly associated with fewer complications after pediatric cardiac operations and aligns with our previous findings on their association with reduced deaths. These results provide data for pediatric hospital leaders and reinforce the importance of organization-wide mentoring strategies for new nurses and retention strategies for experienced nurses.

Congenital heart surgery admissions with a complication diagnosis are 3 times more likely to exceed $192 272 in total charges despite adjusting for known risk factors for high resource use. Complication reduction may result in both an economic and clinical benefit.

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