The solidification grain structure and texture evolutions during single crystal (SX) casting of the advanced Ni-base superalloy CMSX-4 have been investigated. In order to understand the development of the solidification grain structure, SX casting experiments were carried out with a specially designed grain selector in a Bridgman directional solidification (DS) furnace. In addition to casting trials, the SX casting process was simulated by a 3-D cellular automaton-finite element (CAFE) model. The predicted solidification grain structure and the texture evolutions were validated by comparison with the microstructural observation and the electron back scattered diffraction (EBSD) results. It was shown that the overall grain structure, crystallographic texture evolution, and the location where the final selection of the single crystal occurs can be predicted well by the present CAFE model. The axial texture evolution of the single crystal was found to be significantly influenced by the grain density at the chill surface. The CAFE predictions also revealed that the geometry of the grain selector plays a significant role in the final selection of the single crystal.
We present a microfluidic approach
that utilizes temperature-responsive
and biocompatible palm oil as the shell material in microcapsules
to simultaneously achieve hermetic sealing as well as on-demand temperature-triggered
release of the encapsulated actives. Unlike common paraffin waxes
(e.g., eicosane), microcapsule shells comprising palm oil do not form
pores or cracks during freezing and provide a hermetic seal, a nearly
perfect seal that separates the core containing the actives from the
surrounding environment over a prolonged period of time. This allows
effective isolation and protection of complex cargoes such as small
molecules with high diffusivity, strong acids, and cosmetic actives
including niacinamide. Moreover, the palm oil shell melts above the
defined melting temperature, allowing the on-demand release of the
encapsulated actives. Furthermore, palm oil is biocompatible, is edible,
and leaves a minimal footprint when used in personal care and cosmetic
products, offering new perspectives in the design of microcapsules
for cosmetic applications.
The solute redistribution behavior during directional solidification of the alloy CMSX-10 with planar and dendritic solid/liquid (S/L) interfaces has been investigated by directional solidification and quenching (DSQ) technique. In particular, the elemental partitioning coefficient during the solidification of primary γ and γ/γ′ eutectic was quantitatively estimated by electron probe microanalysis (EPMA) on the sample quenched during planar growth of primary γ and γ/γ′ eutectic, respectively. The EPMA compositional profiles clearly revealed that Scheil solidification occurs during the solidification of primary γ with planar S/L interface. Based on this result, the evolution of γ/γ′ eutectic volume fraction with respect to the solidification rate in dendritic solidification regimes could be rationalized by considering the back-diffusion effect on decreasing the extent of microsegregation. The comparison of the compositional profiles of Cr in the planar grown DSQ sample and the local distribution of Cr in dendritically solidified sample indicated that the solidification of the alloy CMSX-10 completes with the formation of supersaturated γ phase after the γ/γ′ eutectic reaction.
Phytoestrogens have been used as a food supplement to prevent osteoporosis. The isoflavones in the phytoestrogens are daidzein, genistein and formononetin which are present in various herbs. This study examined the quantity of isoflavones in medicinal herbs, which can be used as a phytoestrogen supplement; soybean. These isoflavones were quantified using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with a UV/VIS detector. The concentration of daidzein in Puerariae Radix was 10,436.16 +/- 2,143.83 mg/kg of the dried herb, which was much higher than that extracted from soybeans, 341.47 +/- 18.96 mg/kg. The amount of genistein in Sophorae flavescentis Radix (336.09 +/- 50.89 mg/kg) was approximately 11 times higher than that extracted from soybean (30.03 +/- 7.17 mg/kg). The level of formononetin in Dalbergiae odoriferae Lignum, 2,189.14 +/- 136.46 mg/kg, was the highest among the herbs tested. The total isoflavone content of Puerariae Radix was approximately 30 times higher than that extracted from soybean. Therefore, plants from the family Leguminosae, particularly Puerariae Radix, can be a good source of phytoestrogens.
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