The aim is to assess pathogenic bacteria from infectious swab sites and determine variation in their susceptibility and resistance to commonly utilized antibacterial agents as well as their multi-drug resistance patterns. 385 pathogenic bacteria from clinical swab specimens of ear, wounds, abscesses, eye discharges, diabetic foot ulcers, urethra and high vaginal swabs were isolated through agar culture and investigated for susceptibilities status. Staphylococcus aureus isolates accounted for 50.6%. Pathogens like Escherichia coli (17.4%), Klebsiella spp (11.4%), Pseudomonas spp (9.9%), Proteus spp (9.4%) and Alpha-haemolytic streptococci (1.3%) were similarly isolated. Pseudomonas spp, Klebsiella spp and E. coli showed total resistance to nalidixic acid but Staphylococcus aureus recorded partial resistance with all antibacterial agents. The activities of ciprofloxacin against Pseudomonas spp was better than other fluoroquinolones such that significant difference exists (P<0.05) when compared with pefloxacin. The activities of gentamicin against Klebsiella spp appeared not superior to streptomycin. Ciprofloxacin and ofloxacin showed uniform activities against Proteus spp, which showed partial resistance to all agents except sparfloxacin. Multi-drugs resistances are high with all organisms. Many pathogens cause infections in swab sites. The knowledge of causative organisms and their sensitivities are important since multi-drug-resistant organisms are widespread, thus making empirical choice difficult.
Background: Quality of life is considered as an integral component and outcome indicator of mental illness and while pharmacist interventions have been proven to be effective in improving quality of life, no attention has been given to patients with depression in distressed North East Nigeria.Objectives: To explore the effect of pharmacist intervention on quality of life of patients with major depressive disorder.Materials and Methods: A longitudinal prospective randomized controlled trial approved by Ahmadu Bello University Ethics Committee on use of Human Subjects for Research (approval number: ABUCUHSR/2020/018) was conducted on 101 patients with major depressive disorder between April 2019 and March 2020 at a tertiary Neuro-Psychiatric Hospital in Maiduguri, Nigeria. Consenting patients were randomized into Usual Care or Intervention groups using a computer-generated list. The intervention consisted of pharmacist-delivered educational counseling sessions of between 15-30 minutes. Data were collected at baseline, 3 months and 6 months using the World Health Organization Quality of life Bref scale.Results: After the intervention, significant improvements (p <0.001) in mean scores of participants in the intervention group were observed in all of the quality-of-life domains including; physical health [42.49 (SD=11.48) vs 72.25 (SD=15.82], psychological health [45.15 (SD=15.24) vs 85.57 (SD=12.95)], social relationship [40.47 (SD=21.24) vs 78.20 (SD=18.23)] and environment [40.94 (SD=14.09) vs 87.74 (SD=9.78)].Significant improvements (p <0.001) were also observed in the general health [38.77 (SD=27.51) vs 86.53 (SD=21.27)] and overall quality of life [52.55 (SD=19.26) vs 76.92 (SD=25.16)] in the intervention group.Conclusion: Pharmacist’s intervention significantly improved quality of life in patients with major depressive disorder in this study.
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