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Keywords:environmental sustainability / environmental management / ecological factors / biodiversity / living standards / water security / energy conservation / food security / climate change / temperature / precipitation / cyclones / agriculture / farmland / demography / urbanization / sociocultural environment / gender / community management / institutions / political aspects / remote sensing / natural disasters / monitoring / sustainable development / assessment / Southeast Asia / Oceania Copyright ©2014 by IWMI. All rights reserved. IWMI encourages the use of its material provided that the organization is acknowledged and kept informed in all such instances. Please direct inquiries and comments to: IWMI-Publications@cgiar.org A free copy of this publication can be downloaded at: http://www.iwmi.cgiar.org/publications/other-publication-types/environmental-livelihoodsecurity-south-east-asia-oceania/ Environmental Livelihood Security in Southeast Asia and Oceania iii AcknowledgementsWe would like to acknowledge the incredibly positive and insightful comments from three anonymous reviewers whose insight has enabled us to strengthen the content of this paper. We would also like to thank Dr. Guy Boggs (Wheatbelt Natural Resource Management) and Dr. Nik Callow (The University of Western Australia) for their voluntary assistance during our workshop. International Water Management Institute (IWMI)University of Southampton, UK List of Tables Table 1. Share of Pacific economies dependent on natural resources (GDP share by sector, %) 19 Table 2. The planetary boundaries 22 Table 3. Summary of the range of units which can be assessed for security and potential threats to their security 39 Table 4. Features of the most popular participatory approaches to research and development 56 Table 5. Guiding questions applied to the mountain pine beetle epidemic case 65 Table 6. Trial indicators chosen for the capital assets for the three field sites 66 EXECUTIVE SUMMARYThis document addresses the need for explicit inclusion of livelihoods within the environment nexus (water-energy-food security), not only responding to literature gaps but also addressing emerging dialogue from existing nexus consortia. We present the first conceptualization of 'environmental livelihood security' , which combines the nexus perspective with sustainable livelihoods. The geographical focus of this paper is Southeast Asia and Oceania, a region currently wrought by the impacts of a changing climate. Climate change is the primary external forcing mechanism on the environmental livelihood security of communities in Southeast Asia and Oceania which, therefore, forms the applied crux of this paper. Finally, we provide a primer for using geospatial information to develop a spatial framework to enable geographical assessment of environmental livelihood security across the region. We conclude by linking the value of this research to ongoing sustainable development discussions, and for influencing policy agendas. The paper is split into three main parts: P...

Analysis of the role of courts in shaping access to justice in Indonesia has emphasised the role of judges and the incentives created for them by courts' institutional design. Alternatively, it has focused on individual justice-seekers and their capacities to choose between alternative pathways through the legal repertoire. In this paper, we suggest that 'support structures for legal mobilisation' (SSLMs) have also played an important role in shaping access to justice by influencing both the potential for legal mobilisation and the type of justice sought. In making this argument, we focus on a recent Constitutional Court case on 'international standard schools'. In this case, a group of parents were able to mobilise for legal action only because NGOs provided the required technical expertise and financial resources while the central involvement of an anticorruption NGO in the SSLM shifted the focus from parents' concerns about discrimination to corruption.

Access to courts in Indonesia is remarkably low. An estimated 90 per cent of disputes are handled through informal mechanisms (World Bank, 2008;Clark and Stephens, 2011), raising doubts about whether there is any prospect of the reach and efficacy of Indonesian law ever being expanded to facilitate judicial protection of human rights and the rights of women. This article considers this issue and places it in the context of a number of other factors, such as the critique of human rights as a western import and the influence of the state, Islam and feminism on women's rights in Indonesia. Given gender relations in the current political and legal environment, I argue that "support structures for legal mobilisation" (SSLMs) provide a crucial link to the community that enables the exercise of women's rights. The article focuses on the example of one such SSLM. PEKKA is a national NGO that leverages international support in its efforts to empower women and facilitate access to courts -including religious courts, which determine access to government social safety nets and many other entitlements for many Indonesian women and their families.

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Gambling is fantastically popular among Ngadha people on the island of Flores in eastern Indonesia. The White Coupon lottery, cards, cockfights and board games are ubiquitous, providing a socially acceptable medium through which to use and circulate cash. However, gambling as an economic activity does not sit well with development paradigms of the Indonesian State, Catholic Church or foreign‐aid agencies. Cast as greedy and wasteful, gambling evokes images of lazy and nefarious characters. Yet for Flores players who oscillate between agricultural subsistence, sporadic wage labour and a market economy, gambling is a viable economic strategy. This was eloquently explained to me by a Ngadha gambler, who said ‘plant one seed and you may get ten beans, bet Rp1000 you may get Rp10 000 back.’ This enticing logic articulates the rationale for framing gambling as one of a raft of economic activities, albeit illegal, in this relatively remote rural location.

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