Increasing basal energy expenditure via uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1)-dependent non-shivering thermogenesis is an attractive therapeutic strategy for treatment of obesity. Transient receptor potential melastatin 8 (TRPM8) channel activation by cold and cold mimetics induces UCP1 transcription and prevents obesity in animals, but the clinical relevance of this relationship remains incompletely understood. A review of TRPM8 channel agonism for treatment of obesity focusing on menthol was undertaken. Adipocyte TRPM8 activation results in Ca 2+ influx and protein kinase A (PKA) activation, which induces mitochondrial elongation, mitochondrial localization to lipid droplets, lipolysis, β-oxidation, and UCP1 expression. Ca 2+ -induced mitochondrial reactive oxygen species activate UCP1. In animals, TRPM8 agonism increases basal metabolic rate, non-shivering thermogenesis, oxygen consumption, exercise endurance, and fatty acid oxidation and decreases abdominal fat percentage. Menthol prevents high-fat diet-induced obesity, glucose intolerance, insulin resistance, and liver triacylglycerol accumulation. Hypothalamic TRPM8 activation releases glucagon, which activates PKA and promotes catabolism. TRPM8 polymorphisms are associated with obesity. In humans, oral menthol and other TRPM8 agonists have little effect. However, topical menthol appears to increase core body temperature and metabolic rate. A randomized clinical control trial of topical menthol in obese patients is warranted.
Thyroid lesions usually present as mass lesions or in association with hypo or hyper thyroidism. FNAC has certain limitations like adequacy of specimen and interpretation of cytology, as the sampling of the lesion can be variable and not always representative. Hence, specific diagnosis can be arrived at only after a histopathological examination. Objectives: The present study was undertaken to describe histopathology patterns, frequency, age and sex distribution of non-neoplastic thyroid gland lesions in the southwest region of Maharashtra to aid clinicians in appropriate treatment and prognosis. Materials and Methods: This was a cross-sectional study of 110 non-neoplastic thyroid specimens received at the department of Pathology, D.Y. Patil Medical College, Kolhapur, between October 2018 to September 2020. Results: The frequency of non-neoplastic thyroid lesions was found to be 2% of all surgical specimens. Most commonly encountered specimens were of Hemithyroidectomy (31.8%) Female predominance with F:M ratio of 2.5:1 was seen. Most of the lesions occurred in the 4 t h decade. Out of the 110 cases, most common lesions were hyperplastic (74.5%), followed by inflammatory lesions (21.8%) and congenital lesions (3.7%). Evaluation of any thyroid specimen should be thorough through complete histopathological examination. Conclusion: Histopathological evaluation of any enlarged thyroid should be thorough to arrive at a definite diagnosis.
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