Retrograde vaporization effects on oil production are nearly unprecedented to reservoir engineering community, and its relation to formation damage should be explored. For this purpose, this paper elucidates the importance and role of this phenomenon and its phase change heat transfer (PCHT) on fines migration and subsequent, permeability damage in porous rocks bearing oil and gas. Initially, a fine particle energy conversion equation was successfully acquired by combining fine particle mass balance and general energy equations. Moreover, the computational fluid dynamic model (CFD) was adopted for performing numerical modeling. A 2D CFD model using FEA-Comsol 5.0 version was used to simulate the retrograde vaporization of reservoir fluids. Pore walls are designed as non-adiabatic, and therefore, a modified Dittus-Boelter mass transfer model is provided for a fine particle detachment under PCHT. Hence, from the simulation results it was observed that there is a high degree of heat release during reservoir fluid phase change that is from oil to gas for decreasing pressure and increasing saturation time. This heat transfer from the oil and gas influxes contributes in the expulsion and migration of in situ fines in porous media. Also, an increasing rate of enthalpy was achieved that produces a non-isentropic flow, which is required to mobilize the fines in porous medium, and a satisfactory phase transition simulation outputs were obtained and presented as well. Altogether, these factors play a significant role in the fine particle eviction from the pore chamber, thereby plugging in the pore throat and consequently, decreasing the well productivity during transient flow. a Concentration of attached particles s Concentration of strained particles P Flow energy v 2 2 Kinetic energy ∇(s + ) Overall change in entropy (s) and surface energy (γ) in porous media
Undoped and 0.5 mol% of L-aspartic acid (LA-C 4 H 7 NO 4 ) and L-threonine (LT-C 4 H 9 NO 3 ) doped sodium acid phthalate (NaAP) single crystals were successfully grown from aqueous solution by slow evaporation solution growth technique. Single X-ray diffraction revealed that the grown crystals possess orthorhombic crystal structure and revealed lattice distortion due to impurities. The crystallinity nature of the grown crystals was analyzed by powder X-ray diffraction analysis. Functional groups and the modes of vibrations were identified by FT-IR spectral analysis. Optical transmittance shows that L-threonine doped NaAP crystal possesses higher transparency compared to undoped NaAP and L-aspartic acid doped NaAP and the band gap energy values of the grown crystals were calculated. The photoluminescence properties of the grown crystals were investigated. The mechanical strength of the grown crystals was estimated by microhardness studies. The second harmonic generation of the grown crystals was confirmed by the Kurtz and Perry technique. Antibacterial activity of the title compounds against Streptococcus pneumoniae, Escherichia coli, and Klebsiella pneumonia strains was studied.Copy Right, IJAR, 2017,. All rights reserved.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………….... Introduction:-Semiorganic crystals are a new category of materials recently examined for their fascinating properties and stable physiochemical properties, which are significant for device fabrication and applied research [1,2]. The high nonlinearity, high resistance to laser-induced damage, low angular sensitivity and better mechanical hardness of semiorganic crystals incorporate in the strong NLO properties and chemical flexibility of organic materials with the physical sturdiness and excellent transmittance of inorganic materials [3][4][5][6]. In addition, the approach of high NLO efficiency organic molecules with the favorable physical properties of the inorganic materials has been an active area of research in the last two decades.Organic material with high nonlinear optical coefficients combines with an inorganic material exhibiting excellent physical properties, giving semiorganic material. Hydrogen bonding of acid based interaction between organic cation and an inorganic anion of semiorganic give mechanical strong and thermally stable NLO crystals [7]. Highly
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