The Asteraceae family is one of the largest families in the plant kingdom with many of them extensively used for significant traditional and medicinal values. Being a rich source of various phytochemicals, they have found numerous applications in various biological fields and have been extensively used for therapeutic purposes. Owing to its potential phytochemicals present and biological activity, these plants have found their way into pharmaceutical industry as well as in various aspects of nanotechnology such as green synthesis of metal oxide nanoparticles. The nanoparticles developed from the plants of Asteraceae family are highly stable, less expensive, non-toxic, and eco-friendly. Synthesized Asteraceae-mediated nanoparticles have extensive applications in antibacterial, antifungal, antioxidant, anticancer, antidiabetic, and photocatalytic degradation activities. This current review provides an opportunity to understand the recent trend to design and develop strategies for advanced nanoparticles through green synthesis. Here, the review discussed about the plant parts, extraction methods, synthesis, solvents utilized, phytochemicals involved optimization conditions, characterization techniques, and toxicity of nanoparticles using species of Asteraceae and their potential applications for human welfare. Constraints and future prospects for green synthesis of nanoparticles from members of the Asteraceae family are summarized.
The azo dyes released into water from different industries are accumulating in the water bodies and bioaccumulating within living systems thereby affecting environmental health. This is a major concern in developing countries where stringent regulations are not followed for the discharge of industrial waste into water bodies. This has led to the accumulation of various pollutants including dyes. As these developing countries also face acute water shortages and due to the lack of cost-effective systems to remove these pollutants, it is essential to remove these toxic dyes from water bodies, eradicate dyes, or generate fewer toxic derivatives. The photocatalysis mechanism of degradation of azo dyes has gained importance due to its eco-friendly and non-toxic roles in the environment. The zinc nanoparticles act as photocatalysts in combination with plant extracts. Plant-based nanoparticles over the years have shown the potential to degrade dyes efficiently. This is carried out by adjusting the dye and nanoparticle concentrations and combinations of nanoparticles. Our review article considers increasing the efficiency of degradation of dyes using Zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles and understanding the photocatalytic mechanisms in the degradation of dyes and the toxic effects of these dyes and nanoparticles in different tropic levels.
44Infectious bacteria in biofilm mode are involved in many of persistent infections. 45 Owing to its importance in clinical settings many in vitro and in vivo studies have analysed 46 the structural and functional properties of biofilm, its resistance to antibiotic exposure etc. 47 Currently the immune mechanism toward the clearance of biofilm infections is being 48 investigated. K. pneumoniae is one of the major leading causes of biofilm infections on 49 indwelling medical devices. There was no previous literature that demonstrates the 50 interactions of macrophage cells lines and Klebsiella biofilm, as the first report, we 51 investigated the in vitro response of Klebsiella biofilm to phagocytosis and cytokine 52 expression. We developed an in vitro model to study the interactions of Kebsiella biofilm 53 and macrophage. The phagocytosis assay was performed for heat inactivated and live 54 biofilm. A similar phagocytic response against both biofilms were observed when these 55 cells were exposed to RAW 264.7 macrophages. Also, the expressions of TLR2, iNOS, 56 inflammatory cytokines such as IL-β1, IFN-γ, IL-6, IL-12, IL-4, TNF-α and anti-57 inflammatory cytokines, IL-10 during phagocytosis were analysed. These results 58 collectively demonstrated that the rate of phagocytosis was an average of 15% for both 59 biofilms. Also, when activated macrophage was exposed to heat-inactivated or live biofilms, 60 there was a significant increase in proinflammatory cytokine genes together with expected 61 increase in TLR2 and iNOS. Thus, it is clear that macrophage response against biofilm 62 producing K. pneumoniae results in increase in phagocytic rate and a corresponding increase 63 in inflammatory cytokine gene expression which could be important for clearing K. 64 pneumoniae cells.65 Introduction 68 K. pneumoniae is a Gram-negative, encapsulated opportunistic pathogen that 69 colonizes almost every part of the human body with most preferred site being the respiratory, 70 gastrointestinal and urinary tracts [1]. K. pneumoniae causes both hospital and community-71 acquired infections [2]. Pneumonia, meningitis, urinary tract infections and catheter-related 72 bloodstream infections are the potential illness caused by this bacterium [3]. The major risk 73 factors associated with K. pneumoniae infection includes central venous catheterization, 74 urinary catheterization, mechanical ventilation, prolonged stay in intensive-care unit, low 75 birth weight in preterm infants and individuals with impaired immunity [4]. 76 Klebsiella spp are characterized by the presence of capsular polysaccharides (CPS), 77 type 1 and 3 fimbriae as the major virulence factors. These cellular components play an 78 important role in the adhesion and colonization of host tissues. In addition, these virulence 79 factors are essential for biofilm formation on indwelling medical devices and persistent 80 infections [2]. 81 In order to overcome the infections caused by planktonic and biofilm of K. 82 pneumoniae, both humoral and cell-mediated...
Infectious bacteria in biofilm mode are involved in many persistent infections. Owing to its importance in clinical settings, many in vitro and in vivo studies are being conducted to study the structural and functional properties of biofilms, their drug resistant mechanism and the s urvival mechanism of planktonic and biofilm cells. In this regard, there is not sufficient information on the interaction between Klebsiella biofilm and macrophages. In this study, we have attempted to unravel the interaction between Klebsiella biofilm and macrophages in terms of phagocytic response and cytokine expression. In vitro phagocytosis assays were performed for heat inactivated and live biofilms of K. pneumoniae, together with the expression analysis of TLR2, iNOS, inflammatory cytokines such as IL-β1, IFN-γ, IL-6, IL-12, IL-4, TNF-α and anti-inflammatory cytokine, IL-10. A phagocytic rate of an average of 15% was observed against both heat inactivated and live biofilms when LPS + IFN-γ activated macrophages were used. This was significantly higher than non-activated macrophages when tested against heat inactivated and live biofilms (average 8%). Heat-inactivated and live biofilms induced similar phagocytic responses and up-regulation of pro-inflammatory genes in macrophages, indirectly conveying that macrophage responses are to some extent dependent on the biofilm matrix.
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