Hypogonadism is likely a fundamental component of metabolic syndrome. Testosterone therapy may not only treat hypogonadism, but may also have tremendous potential to slow or halt the progression from metabolic syndrome to overt diabetes or cardiovascular disease via beneficial effects on insulin regulation, lipid profile and blood pressure. Furthermore, the use of testosterone to treat metabolic syndrome may also lead to the prevention of urological complications commonly associated with these chronic disease states, such as neurogenic bladder and erectile dysfunction. Physicians must be mindful to evaluate hypogonadism in all men diagnosed with metabolic syndrome as well as metabolic syndrome in all men diagnosed with hypogonadism. Future research in the form of randomized clinical trials should focus on further defining the role of testosterone for metabolic syndrome.

Purpose of review In recent years, breakthroughs and advancements in new age technology have revolutionized the way children communicate and interact with the world around them. As social media platforms such as Facebook, Instagram, and Snapchat continue to grow in popularity, their usage has raised concerns about their role and impact on adolescent development and behavior. This review examines the psychosocial implications of social media usage on youth outcomes related to body image, socialization, and adolescent development. It discusses ways that clinicians and parents can effectively safeguard their children from the potential threats posed by digital media while providing a fact sheet for parents that addresses these concerns and summarizes recommended strategies to combat them. Recent findings While social media platforms continue to experience surges in popularity, mounting evidence suggests significant correlations between their usage and adolescent mental health and behavioral issues. Increased social media usage has been linked to diminished self-esteem and body satisfaction, elevated risk of cyber-bullying, heightened exposure to pornographic material, and risky sexual behaviors. Summary Given how new age technology is steadily permeating everyday life, greater efforts are needed to inform adolescent users and their families about the negative consequences of social media usage. Pediatricians and parents must take cautionary measures to reduce psychosocial risks and ensure the online safety of children.

Due to a recent surge in popularity, fidget spinners and other self-regulatory occupational therapy toys have yet to be subjected to rigorous scientific research. Thus, their alleged benefits remain scientifically unfounded. Paediatricians should be aware of potential choking hazards with this new fad, and inform parents that peer-reviewed studies do not support the beneficial claims.

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BACKGROUND: Creatinine measurement in icteric sample is a major but unresolved problem. Bilirubin causes negative interference in creatinine value measurement using general techniques. The objective of this study was to find differences in creatinine value by Jaffe Kinetic method pre-incubation and without pre-incubation with NaOH. METHODS: This was a cross sectional, descriptive study carried out in 71 samples with different level of bilirubin concentration. We took blood samples of 71 different patients, 48 males and 23 females, from two different hospitals of Kathmandu village. Both creatinine and bilirubin concentration in serum samples were measured by using Staxfax 3300 semi auto analyzer in the hospital. In the laboratory creatinine value was measured by kinetic method and bilirubin measured by Jendrassik/ Grof method using commercial kits. Statistical analysis of quantitative data was done by using SPSS version 16.0. RESULTS: The results shows differences in creatinine values with respect to methods and extent of bilirubin concentration. It was found that the creatinine obtained by pre-incubation with NaOH has greater value than without pre-incubation (i.e. by direct estimation using working reagent). It was also shown that the high bilirubin cause the interference in greater extent. The significant interference was seen in the sample with bilirubin concentration greater than 20 mg/dl i.e. creatinine value after treatment with NaOH prior to dispensing picric acid is significantly increases, P<0.01 at 99% confidence level. CONCLUSION: This shows that the bilirubin has negative interference in creatinine value measurement by ordinary laboratory practices and interference increases with higher concentration of bilirubin in blood sample. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/acclm.v1i1.12311 Ann. Clin. Chem. & Lab. Med. 1(1) 2015: 25-28

Objective: The objective of the present work was to formulation, development and evaluation of transferosomal drug delivery for effective treatment of acne. Soya phosphatidyl choline, sodium cholate, Tazarotene, ethanol and Materials and Methods: all chemicals and reagents used were of analytical grade. Different formulation (F-1 to F-8) of transfersomes were Results: prepared and evaluated for vesicle size and entrapment efficiency. The vesicle size of all transfersomes varied between 155.2 and 262.1nm where as entrapment efficiency was found between 60.12 to 75.65%. Results showed that in formulation F4 which contain smallest vesicle size and increase in entrapment efficiency, Formulation F4 selected as optimized formulation and further incorporated into gel base (TF1, TF2, TF4) and evaluated for Drug content, pH, Spreadibility, Viscosity measurements and drug release study. Transfersomes gel released drug in controlled release manner in 12 hour but in case of marketed In-vitro formulation there is no controlled release of drug from gel. The developed of Tazarotene as transfersomal gel has Conclusion: the ability to overcome the barrier properties of the skin and increase the drug release

<p class="abstract"><strong>Background:</strong> <span lang="EN-IN">Oral lichen planus (OLP) is a common mucocutaneous disorder that affects 1-2% of the adult general population and slight predominance in females has been observed. The success rate is not satisfactory with these modalities of treatment, so there is a clear need for alternative therapy. This study was done to evaluate the efficacy of griseofulvin in the treatment of lichen planus.</span></p><p class="abstract"><strong>Methods:</strong> <span lang="EN-IN">The present study was conducted in the department of dermatology in the medical institution for the period of one year. The study included the initial assessment of 60 patients who were diagnosed with lichen planus (LP). Patients with both sexes and age between 15-60 years who agreed to come on follow up examination were included. All patients were treated with griseofulvin 500 mg/day for 6 months. Response of treatment was assessed by clinical examination at each subsequent visit (every two weeks)</span>.<strong></strong></p><p class="abstract"><strong>Results:</strong> <span lang="EN-IN">Among patients with OLP, there was complete response in 27%, moderate improvement in 51%, and no response in 22% of cases. Complete clinical response of cutaneous LP was seen in 18% cases, no response was found in same number of patient, 64% no. of cases showed moderate response. </span></p><p class="abstract"><strong>Conclusions:</strong> <span lang="EN-IN">Griseofulvin gives complete improvement in 27% cases and moderate improvement in 51% cases in OLP and it gives complete improvement in 16% cases in cutaneous LP after treatment of 6 months. This study was done on a small scale and without any control group, so conclusive comments could not be passed.</span></p>

BackgroundSinusitis can significantly decrease quality of life, is costly in both health care expenditure and lost productivity, and can lead to complications if treatment is delayed. Our objective was to explore disparities in health care access among adults with sinusitis based on sociodemographic factors.MethodsA total of 32,994 participants (representing 244,838,261 US adults) who completed the 2016 National Health Interview Survey (NHIS) were analyzed, of whom 12.17% were diagnosed with sinusitis at least once in the prior 12 months. Multivariate regression analyses were performed.ResultsIn regression analyses, female sex (odds ratio [OR], 2.00 [95% confidence interval (CI), 1.79‐2.24]; p < 0.001) and older age groups were associated with increased odds of having sinusitis. Within the sinusitis cohort, Asian race (OR, 5.97 [95% CI, 1.61‐22.12]; p = 0.008) and Hispanic ethnicity (OR, 6.97 [95% CI, 3.22‐15.06]; p < 0.001) were associated with increased odds of obtaining foreign medications. Individuals with Medicaid had decreased odds of delaying care (OR, 0.37 [95% CI, 0.25‐0.56]; p < 0.001) or not receiving care due to cost (OR, 0.40 [95% CI, 0.24‐0.65]; p < 0.001), but increased odds of delaying care due to transportation barriers (OR, 4.64 [95% CI, 2.52‐8.55]; p < 0.001). Uninsured individuals had higher odds for delaying care (OR, 4.97 [95% CI, 3.35‐7.38]; p < 0.001) and not receiving care (OR, 5.46 [95% CI, 3.56‐8.38]; p < 0.001) due to cost. Income >$100,000 was associated with a nearly 90% reduction in inability to obtain care due to cost (OR, 0.11 [95% CI, 0.05‐0.21]; p < 0.001) and an over 99% reduction in inability to obtain care due to transportation issues compared with income < $35,000 (OR, 0.01 [95% CI, 0.00‐0.04]; p< 0.001).ConclusionSignificant disparities in health care access based on race, health insurance status, and income exist among adults with sinusitis in the United States.