In this paper we review the technologies available to make globally quantitative observations of particles in general-and plankton in particular-in the world oceans, and for sizes varying from sub-microns to centimeters. Some of these technologies have been available for years while others have only recently emerged. Use of these technologies is critical to improve understanding of the processes that control abundances, distributions and composition of plankton, provide data necessary to constrain and improve ecosystem and biogeochemical models, and forecast changes in marine ecosystems in light of climate change. In this paper we begin by providing the motivation for plankton observations, quantification and diversity qualification on a global scale. We then expand on the state-of-the-art, detailing a variety of relevant and (mostly) mature technologies and measurements, including bulk measurements of plankton, pigment composition, uses of genomic, optical and acoustical methods as well

The benefits of Hyperion hyperspectral data to agriculture have been studied at sites in the Coleambally Irrigation Area of Australia. Hyperion can provide effective measures of agricultural performance through the use of established spectral indexes if systematic and random noise is managed. The noise management strategy includes recognition of "bad" pixels, reducing the effects of vertical striping, and compensation for atmospheric effects in the data. It also aims to reduce compounding of these effects by image processing. As the noise structure is different for Hyperion's two spectrometers, noise reduction methods are best applied to each separately. Results show that a local destriping algorithm reduces striping noise without introducing unwanted effects in the image. They also show how data smoothing can clean the data and how careful selection of stable Hyperion bands can minimize residual atmospheric effects following atmospheric correction. Comparing hyperspectral indexes derived from Hyperion with the same indexes derived from ground-measured spectra allowed us to assess some of these impacts on the preprocessing options. It has been concluded that preprocessing, which includes fixing bad and outlier pixels, local destriping, atmospheric correction, and minimum noise fraction smoothing, provides improved results. If these or equivalent preprocessing steps are followed, it is feasible to develop a consistent and standardized time series of data that is compatible with field-scale and airborne measured indexes. Red-edge and leaf chlorophyll indexes based on the preprocessed data are shown to distinguish different levels of stress induced by water restrictions.

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Measurements of the status and trends of key indicators for the ocean and marine life are required to inform policy and management in the context of growing human uses of marine resources, coastal development, and climate change. Two synergistic efforts identify specific priority variables for monitoring: Essential Ocean Variables (EOVs) through the Global Ocean Observing System (GOOS), and Essential Biodiversity Variables (EBVs) from the Group on Earth Observations Muller-Karger et al. EOVs and EBVs Observation Requirements Biodiversity Observation Network (GEO BON) (see Data Sheet 1 in Supplementary Materials for a glossary of acronyms). Both systems support reporting against internationally agreed conventions and treaties. GOOS, established under the auspices of the Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission (IOC), plays a leading role in coordinating global monitoring of the ocean and in the definition of EOVs. GEO BON is a global biodiversity observation network that coordinates observations to enhance management of the world's biodiversity and promote both the awareness and accounting of ecosystem services. Convergence and agreement between these two efforts are required to streamline existing and new marine observation programs to advance scientific knowledge effectively and to support the sustainable use and management of ocean spaces and resources. In this context, the Marine Biodiversity Observation Network (MBON), a thematic component of GEO BON, is collaborating with GOOS, the Ocean Biogeographic Information System (OBIS), and the Integrated Marine Biosphere Research (IMBeR) project to ensure that EBVs and EOVs are complementary, representing alternative uses of a common set of scientific measurements. This work is informed by the Joint Technical Commission for Oceanography and Marine Meteorology (JCOMM), an intergovernmental body of technical experts that helps international coordination on best practices for observing, data management and services, combined with capacity development expertise. Characterizing biodiversity and understanding its drivers will require incorporation of observations from traditional and molecular taxonomy, animal tagging and tracking efforts, ocean biogeochemistry, and ocean observatory initiatives including the deep ocean and seafloor. The partnership between large-scale ocean observing and product distribution initiatives (MBON, OBIS, JCOMM, and GOOS) is an expedited, effective way to support international policy-level assessments (e.g., the Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services or IPBES), along with the implementation of international development goals (e.g., the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals). Keywords: essential ocean variables (EOV), essential biodiversity variables (EBV), marine biodiversity observation network (MBON), global ocean observing system (GOOS), ocean biogeographic information system (OBIS), marine global earth observatory (MarineGEO), integrated marine biosphere research (IMBeR)

The Hyperion Imaging Spectrometer is one of three principal instruments aboard the EO-1 spacecraft. Its mission as a technology demonstrator is to evaluate on-orbit issues for imaging spectroscopy and to assess the capabilities of a spacebased imaging spectrometer for earth science and earth observation missions. The instrument provides earth imagery at 30 meter spatial resolution, 7.5 km swath width in 220 contiguous spectral bands at 10 nm spectral resolution. Spectral range is from 0.4 µm to 2.5 µm. The instrument includes internal and solar calibration sub-systems. This paper will review the design, construction and calibration of the Hyperion instrument. The on-orbit plans and operations will be presented along with updated calibration and characterization measurements.

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