Objectives: To study the nutrient foramina of the dried human clavicle with respectto their position, number and direction for clinical interest. Study Design: Cross sectional study.Setting: Anatomy Department Faisalabad Medical University Faisalabad. Period: Six monthsfrom July to December 2017. Material and Methods: 60 dried human clavicles taken frombone bank of Anatomy Department Faisalabad Medical University Faisalabad. The foraminawere studied according to their location, and number and direction. The foramina index wascalculated using Hughes Formula by measuring the average total length and average lengthof foramina from sternal end of the clavicle. Results: The nutrient foramen was observed in all60(100%) of the clavicle. Single foramen was present in 22 (36.6%) clavicle and double foramenin 30(50%) clavicle. Triple and quadruple foramen in 6(10%) and 2(3.3%) clavicles respectively.The 34 left clavicles posses single foramen 12 (41.1%), double foramen 14(35.2%) while tripleand quadruple are 6(17.6%) and 2(5.8%) respectively. Total 26 right clavicles had 10 (38.4%)single foramen and 16(61.5%) double foramen. Total number of foramen in all 60 clavicleswere 108 of which 61.1% are located on posterior surface of the clavicle, 27% were found oninferior surface and rest 11.1% were on anterior surface. The clavicle having more than oneforamina are 28 out of which 64.2% was having both inferior and posterior foramina, 21.4 % wasanterior and posterior while 14.28% was located on triple sites anterior, inferior and posterior.We also found 90% of foramina were present on middle 1/3 and 10% on lateral 1/3. 98.3% ofthe foramina were directed to acromial end while rest 1.7 % to sternal end. The mean length offoramina from sternal end is 7.46 cm and mean maximum length of the clavicle was 14.51cm.The mean foramina index was 51.41. Conclusion: It is concluded from the study that most ofthe foramina are located on middle 3rd of the clavicle the commonest site of the fractures of thebone. Most of the foramina are located on the posterior surface denoting its blood supply fromthe neighboring blood supply. The knowledge of the foramina and its blood supply is importantfor fracture healing and bone grafting.

Objectives: To study antibiotic sensitivity pattern of Salmonella typhi in children with enteric fever. Study Design: Prospective, Consecutive sampling. Setting: Children Hospital and Institute of Child Health, Faisalabad. Period: 6 Months June 2019 to November 2019. Material & Methods: All admitted children of age 1-16 years with strong clinical suspicion of typhoid fever and with no comorbidities were included in this study. Blood cultures and other relevant investigations were performed to rule out other causes of fever. After identification of organism as Salmonella typhi, antibiotics susceptibility testing was done by disk diffusion technique and zones of inhibition were interpreted according to clinical and Lab standard (CLSI) guidelines. Results: Out of 60 patients maximum children were < 5 year and >10 year of age. Maximum cases were admitted during July to September. Male to female ratio was 1.6:1. We were able to send blood cultures of 31 cases (51%) only. Out of them 14 cases (45%) were found culture positive. All culture positive (100%) were found sensitive to meropenem. 92.8% were found sensitive to azithromycin and 7.1% were found sensitive to amikacin. Overall 16 cases treated with meropenem, 10 cases (16%) with azithromycin and one with amikacin. However, 33 cases (55%) responded to ceftriaxone alone. Conclusion: Sensitivity pattern of Salmonella typhi revealed significant proportion of multidrug and extensive drug resistant strain. So, continue surveillance is needed in this regard to find actual burden of XDR typhoid fever. We recommend local district administration and health authorities to launch an awareness campaign regarding sanitation, good hygiene, use of safe of water and mass vaccination of children with conjugated vaccine against typhoid. Alongwith above measures antibiotic stewardship should be started.

Athletes are a new type of celebrity in the world. Following other celebrities, there are several examples of athletes who have used their persona of fame to go a step further with their so-called personal brands and actually launch products carrying their names. As athletes are considered brands in themselves, these sorts of activities (i.e., introducing a product brand) are considered as an extension of the athlete’s brand. Given the nature of the research, this study employed a qualitative design. A purposeful convenience sampling technique was employed to select study participants according to a set of predetermined criteria. The final sample comprised nine fans. The fans identified five major factors that could be important in the context of an athlete’s decision to start his/her own brand. The five identified factors that could decide the fate of an athlete’s brand extensions were the athlete’s origin, extension fit, gender, performance, and impression. According to fans, these factors play an important role in the athlete’s venture as an entrepreneur. The study suggests that although fans understand that athletes are brands in themselves, Pakistani fans are not fond of the idea of athletes becoming entrepreneurs due to the fans’ emotional attachment to the athletes. As this is the first study expressing fans’ perspectives in the context of athlete brand extension, this study is an addition to the academic literature and theories of athlete branding and athletes as entrepreneurs.

To compare the efficacy of Ferrous sulfate with iron polymaltose complex in treatment of iron deficiency anemia in children in terms of rise in hemoglobin. Study design: Randomized clinical trial. Setting: Department of Paediatric Medicine Unit I Allied Hospital Faisalabad. Study duration: 6 months. Methodology: All the children of age group 6 month to 12year with hemoglobin level <10g/dl, MCV<70fl corrected for age, MCHC<32%, serum ferritin<8µg/l were included. All other cases of anemia other than iron deficiency anemia such as thalassemia, sickle cell anemia, lead poisoning etc, patients with severe anemia (hb≤6g/dl) because they need blood transfusion to correct anemia, those with decompensated heart failure or acute infection were excluded. After enrolment patients were randomly divided into two groups by lottery method. Group A, patients were given ferrous sulphate. Group B, patients were given iron polymaltose complex (IPC). Both iron preparations were given in the dose of 5mg/kg/day of elemental iron in three divided dosage 30 minutes before meals. Patients were assessed at one month interval after the start of treatment and hemoglobin was checked at follow up visit by taking 2cc blood. Results: Sixty children were studied. Mean age was 2.5 ± 5.1 years, range 7 months to 12 years with 32 girls, 28 boys. The patients were evenly distributed between the two treatment groups (IPC, n = 30, 50%; ferrous sulfate, n = 30, 50%). All erythrocyte-related hematologic parameters after one month treatment showed a significant improvement from baseline with both treatments. A significant improvement in Hb was observed after one month treatment in the IPC group 9.5 ± 1.1g/dL to 10.6 ±1.0 g/dL and the ferrous sulfate group 9.4 ± 1.6 g/dL to 11.2 ± 0.9 g/dL which was statistically significant. Conclusion: From this randomized study, it is concluded that both ferrous sulphate and iron polymaltose complex have equal efficacy in treatment of iron deficiency anemia

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