This study analyzes the differences in manual reaction time (RT) to visual stimuli in two samples of physically active persons: a group of athletes without hearing impairment (n = 79; M age = 22.6 yr., SD = 3.7) and a group of athletes with hearing impairment (n = 44, M age = 25.6 yr., SD = 5.0). Reaction time (RT) was measured and then differences between both groups were assessed by sex, type of sport (individual vs team sports), and competition level. RT to visual stimuli was significantly shorter for athletes with hearing impairment than for those without hearing impairment, with a significant sex difference (shorter RT for males), but no differences regarding type of sport or competition level. Suggestions for further research and sport applications are provided.
El paraciclisme o ciclisme adaptat és una de les primeres modalitats esportives adaptades integrades en la federació internacional de l'esport corresponent. Aquest esport és un bon exemple a l'hora d'estudiar els processos d'integració en les federacions uniesportives. L'objectiu de l'estudi és analitzar el grau d'implantació d'aquests processos en el ciclisme en l'àmbit internacional i conèixer els indicadors concrets que el caracteritzen. L'estudi es va dur a terme en el Campionat del Món de Paraciclisme en ruta, disputat a Baie-Comeau (Canadà, 2010). Van participar-hi 13 països. Es va administrar un qüestionari ad hoc de 20 preguntes a un representant qualificat de cada expedició, que avaluava els àmbits de gestió, necessitats, aspectes clau i opinió sobre els processos d'integració del ciclisme al seu país. En el 61,5 % dels països estudiats era la federació nacional de ciclisme qui gestionava el ciclisme adaptat, encara que només el 30 % tenen totes les competències transferides a les federacions uniesportives. Les discapacitats menys integrades van ser l'auditiva i la intel•lectual. Els aspectes més valorats en els processos van ser la determinació de normatives específiques, la formació de tècnics esportius, l'existència d'una institució garant dels processos i el suport econòmic específic. El procés d'integració va ser avaluat de forma molt positiva pel 87,5 % dels enquestats: fins i tot sembla derivar en un augment del nombre de llicències i del rendiment esportiu. Aquests indicadors poden ser extrapolables a altres esports i útils per afavorir els processos d'integració al nostre país.
resumenEl Paraciclismo (o ciclismo adaptado) es una de las primeras modalidades deportivas adaptadas integradas en la federación internacional de su deporte correspondiente. Este deporte es un buen ejemplo a la hora de estudiar los procesos de integración en las federaciones unideportivas. El objetivo del estudio es analizar el grado de implantación de estos procesos en el ciclismo a nivel internacional y conocer los indicadores concretos que lo caracterizan. El estudio se llevó a cabo en el Campeonato del Mundo de Paraciclismo en ruta, disputado en Baie-Comeau (Canadá, 2010). Participaron 13 países. Se administró un cuestionario ad hoc de 20 preguntas a un representante cualificado de cada expedición, evaluando los ámbitos de gestión, necesidades, aspectos clave y opinión sobre los procesos de integración del ciclismo en su país. En el 61,5 % de los países estudiados era la federación nacional de ciclismo quien gestionaba el ciclismo adaptado, aunque solo el 30 % tienen todas las competencias transferidas a las federaciones unideportivas. Las discapacidades menos integradas fueron la auditiva y la intelectual. Los aspectos más valorados en los procesos fueron la determinación de normativas específicas, la formación de técnicos deportivos, la existencia de una institución garante de los procesos y el apoyo económico específico. El proceso de integración fue evaluado de forma muy positiva por el 87,5 % de los encuestados: incluso parece derivar en un aumento del número de licencias y del rendimiento deportivo. Estos indicadores pueden ser extrapolables a otros deportes y útiles para favorecer los procesos de integración en nuestro país.Palabras clave: paraciclismo, ciclismo adaptado, integración, competición, discapacidad abstract Para-cycling (or adapted cycling) is one of the first integrated and adapted sports modalities in the international federation of their respective sport. This sport is a good example when studying the integration processes in single sport federations. The aim of the study is to analyse the degree of implementation of these processes in international cycling and identify specific indicators that characterize it. The study was conducted at the Para-cycling World Championships en route to Baie-Comeau (Canada, 2010). 13 countries participated. An ad hoc questionnaire containing 20 questions was provided to a qualified representative of each dispatch, who assessed the areas of management, needs, and opinions on integration processes in cycling in their countries. In 61.5% of the countries studied it was the national cycling federation who managed adapted cycling, but only 30% of them have all the powers transferred to single sport federations. Hearing and intellectual disabilities were the least integrated disabilities. The most valued aspects of the process were the determination of specific regulations, training of sport coaches, and the existence of an institution that is the guardian of processes and specific financial support. The integration process was evaluated very positively by th...
There is a dynamic increase in the number of international sports competitions aimed at deaf athletes. More than 50 World and European championships are held every year in various sports disciplines. The participation and number of deaf athletes delegated to these sports competitions depend on the budget available to national sports federations (NSFs) of deaf athletes. Many times, NSFs have been forced to withdraw from participation in a competition owing to a lack of financial resources. In numerous countries, NSFs have to conduct online fundraising dedicated to their representatives’ involvement in sports competitions. The authors reviewed the source materials on the internet on financing the sport of the hearing impaired. No scientific articles covering the funding aspect of national sports federations in the world were found. The authors relied on financial documents provided by the NSF (Poland, Hungary, Slovakia, Spain) and on websites indicated by these federations. The aim of the article was to characterize selected national organizations gathering deaf athletes from Europe, Asia and Oceania, and North America in terms of the budget they had at their disposal in years 2013–2017, the number of athletes associated in the NSF, and the number of Olympic competitors and the country’s medal position during the 2013 and 2017 Deaflympics. An overview of NSF websites with reference to “annual reports”, “financial reports”, “financial statements”, “newsletter”, “national teams of”, “number of athletes of”, demonstrated numerous deficiencies in the transparent presentation of the financial situation of NSFs. The content of NSF activity reports also provides limited information on the number of athletes and clubs associated in these federations. The article constitutes an introduction to a discussion on the financing aspects and development of deaf people’s sport worldwide.
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