Biodiversity is a concept of great scientific interest and social value studied in different subjects of the secondary education curriculum. Citizen–science programs may contribute to increasing the engagement of students when studying biodiversity. This work aimed to explore the use of the citizen–science platform iNaturalist as a complement of the elaboration of herbaria in an outdoor activity for 4th course 16-year-old students in the Basaula Reserve. The platform iNaturalist was chosen for its suitability to develop collaborative projects in an educational context. The Basaula project was created and 122 students were trained to record plant species in an outdoor activity. A total of 32 species were recorded, among them the most abundant were beech (Fagus sylvatica) and holm oak (Quercus ilex). The students positively evaluated their experience, highlighting its adequacy to record biodiversity data and make a virtual herbarium. Students valued the innovative character of iNaturalist and its usefulness for research but also the opportunity to integrate mobile devices in school education. We concluded that iNaturalist is a valuable tool to carry out collaborative projects dealing with biodiversity in secondary education.

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ResumenA lo largo del siglo XVII, los estudios de matemáticas en las universidades españolas habían llegado casi a desaparecer, y esa situación se prolongó en parte del siglo XVIII, como se verá. El objetivo principal de este artículo es averiguar si el espíritu reformista del reinado de Carlos III tuvo incidencia en la enseñanza de las matemáticas en la Universidad de Alcalá. Para ello se analizan las reformas y planes de estudio que se establecieron y se examinan los libros de matemáticas recomendados. Se concluye que, efectivamente, la presencia de las matemáticas se incrementó, con la inclusión de dos asignaturas de matemáticas en la Facultad de Artes, y el nivel de sus contenidos evolucionó positivamente, incorporando a sus estudios la matemática moderna europea que había surgido con la Revolución Científica. Palabras-clave: AbstractIn the course of the seventeenth century, the studies of mathematics in Spanish universities had almost disappeared, and this situation continued in part of the eighteenth century, as will be seen here. The main purpose of this paper is to find whether the reforming spirit from the reign of Carlos III had an impact on the teaching of mathematics at the University of Alcalá. For this purpose, the reforms and syllabus that were established were analyzed and the books of mathematics recommended were examined. It is concluded that, indeed, the presence of mathematics increased, with the inclusion of two courses of mathematics in the Faculty of Arts, and the level of their contents evolved positively, incorporating to its studies the modern European mathematics that had emerged within the Scientific Revolution. Keywords IntroducciónA finales del siglo XII y principios del siguiente, se inicia un despertar científico en Europa, en el que juega un papel importante la creación de las universidades. Desde su fundación, las universidades organizan sus estudios en varias ramas del saber que se enseñan * Licenciado y Doctor en Matemáticas por la

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Natural and anthropogenic factors affect forest structure worldwide, primarily affecting forest canopy and its light properties. However, not only stand-replacing events modify canopy structure, but disturbances of lower intensity can also have important ecological implications. To study such effects, we analyzed long-term changes in light properties of a conifer–broadleaf mixed forest in the Southwestern Pyrenees, placed in the fringe between the Mediterranean and Eurosiberian biogeographical regions. At this site, a thinning trial with different intensities (0%, 20%, and 30–40% basal area removed) took place in 1999 and 2009, windstorms affected some plots in 2009 and droughts were recurrent during the sampling period (2003, 2005, 2011). We monitored light properties during 14 years (2005–2019) with hemispherical photographs. We applied partial autocorrelation functions to determine if changes between years could be attributed to internal canopy changes or to external disturbances. In addition, we mapped the broadleaf canopy in 2003, 2008, and 2016 to calculate broadleaf canopy cover and richness at the sampling points with different buffer areas of increasing surface. We applied generalized linear mixed models to evaluate the effects of light variables on canopy richness and cover. We found that light variables had the most important changes during the period 2008 to 2010, reacting to the changes caused that year by the combined effects of wind and forest management. In addition, we found that an area of 4.0 m radius around the sampling points was the best to explain the relationship between light properties and species richness, whereas a radius of 1.0 m was enough to estimate the relationship between light and canopy cover. In addition, light-related variables such as diffuse light and leaf area index were related to species richness, whereas structural variables such as canopy openness were related to canopy cover. In summary, our study demonstrates that non stand-replacing disturbances such as windstorms, thinning, or droughts can have an important role in modifying structural and light-related canopy properties, which in turn may influence natural processes of stand development and ecological succession.