Las entidades del medio rural regidas por los principios de comportamiento de la economía social podrían promover un desarrollo local sostenible en los espacios geográficos en los que se ubican, y contribuir al logro de la sostenibilidad integral a escala global. Para hacer realidad este propósito, se requieren indicadores que permitan su evaluación y seguimiento, y que contemplen los atributos específicos de las distintas familias del tercer sector. Este trabajo tiene por objetivo el planteamiento de métricas que hagan posible monitorizar el valor social para la sostenibilidad de una forma de asociacionismo agrario particular del ordenamiento jurídico español para la que aún no se han diseñado indicadores sociales específicos, las Sociedades Agrarias de Transformación (SATs). El contexto geográfico del estudio es el archipiélago canario, región ultraperiférica de la Unión Europea, e importante destino turístico internacional. De las SATs del conjunto insular, se ha tomado una como caso de estudio, y se ha utilizado la Contabilidad Social como sistema que posibilita el desarrollo de indicadores sociales específicos. La aportación esencial de este trabajo es que plantea métricas que permiten el seguimiento de la contribución a la sostenibilidad social de un grupo de entidades para la cual aún no existen. En desarrollos posteriores, tales indicadores podrían ser testados en otros entes de la misma naturaleza con el objeto de disponer de un conjunto de mínimos aplicable a esta familia de entidades de economía social.
Purpose This study aims to structure research on water resources in the hotel industry, identifying the key areas and research gaps in this field. Design/methodology/approach A systematic literature review of water use in the hotel industry has been performed using the Scopus and Web of Science databases. From 515 articles selected between the years 2000 and 2019, a sample of 58 articles was used to structure existing research on this subject. Findings Research is classified into four groups: water consumption, water management, impacts of water use and good practices, with different research methods and topics within each one. Existing research gaps and their causes are also discussed. The results show how academic research can help strengthen international methodologies that measure sustainability. Research limitations/implications Because of the search process, some publications on water consumption in the hotel industry may have been missed; also book chapters and conference papers were excluded. Furthermore, the authors recognise some subjectivity in the classification of articles. Originality/value To the authors’ knowledge, this is the first systematic analysis focussed on water use in the hotel industry. The findings can be used to build a research framework for this area, establishing an approach to cover research gaps and to connect academic research with general methodologies and indicators of sustainability, as well as improving data collection techniques in this field.
This study aims to propose actions to improve the implementation of sustainable public procurement by identifying the problems perceived by public servants and social economy entities. Two types of questionnaires were sent to organizations in Spain and Europe and 217 complete answers were received (152 from the public sector and 65 from the social entities). In addition, 20 semi-structured personal interviews were conducted by phone with managers of social enterprises and four interviews, also by phone, were carried out with relevant people from the public sector. The results of the surveys and the interviews were structured using the analysis of the Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats (SWOT), which was considered consistent with the strategic nature of public procurement. The perceived opportunities for the public sector focus on more efficient use of public resources and improvement of reputation and social equality. For the social entities, more participation in procurement could lead to less dependency on public funds and more visibility. The obstacles for the public sector are related to lack of training and internal resistance to change, as well as, in the case of social entities, to their small size and the tensions with their social object that might derive from bigger competition. The proposed activities focus on two objectives, more training to increase knowledge from the public sector and the readiness of social entities. It is concluded that it is necessary to establish channels of communications between the two groups to avoid possible inefficiencies.
Abstract. Airborne measurements of aerosol particle size distributions were made in the Mexican Intertropical Convergence Zone. The volume concentrations of submicron and super micron particles at cloud base were compared with those in near-cloud regions over a range of altitudes. Of 78 near-cloud regions analyzed, 68% and 45% had enhanced volumes of submicron particles and supermicron particles, respectively. In addition, 35% of these regions had supermicron particles removed, presumably by precipitation. In 61% of the cases the enhancement in volume occurred over the size range from 0.1 to 50 µm whereas only submicron volumes were enhanced in 35% of the cases. In regions near clouds that were formed in air of maritime origin the frequency of volume enhancement decreased with increasing altitude and was twice as frequent on the dissipating side of clouds compared to the growing side. No such differences were found in the regions near clouds formed in air originating from the land. The frequency and average magnitude of volume enhancement are in qualitative and quantitative agreement with previous observational and theoretical studies that relate enhancements in particle mass to the uptake by cloud droplets of SO 2 accompanied by additional growth by droplet coalescence.
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