Air pollution is a problem that large cities face inefficiently and its health impacts are evident and poorly evaluated in Mexico, its origin is emission of vehicles, industry and various combustion processes. In the metropolitan area of Guadalajara called El Salto, there are problems with suspended particles, and the objective of this study was to evaluate the number and size of said location by means of a videocontroller of particles at that location, in 25 sampling points at a measurement interval which was 0.3 µm to 10.0 µm in six sizes (0.3µm - 0.5µm - 1µm - 2.5µm - 5.0µm - 10.0µm), this being the first methodological approach in the area. The results show a very homogeneous distribution for each of the 6 measured particle sizes, the largest number corresponds in 90% to the particles of respirable fraction, of aerodynamic diameter 0.3μm and 0.5μm called ultra fine, which pass into the bloodstream, responding to the same distribution pattern at all sampling points. The particles of 0.3µm and 0.5µm have reference values in the precautionary range in 28%, the particles 2.5, 5.0 and 10, have reference values in the precautionary range in 44%, the elaborated maps show the distribution of the particles in the study area.
The University Center of Biological and Agricultural Sciences (CUCBA) of the University of Guadalajara receives approximately 5700 students, and 1500 of the academic, administrative and visiting staff. The CUCBA is research oriented, therefore, large amount of chemical waste and microbial load is generated by health services. There are two sources of water supply that provide quality drinking water to the student population and two water treatment plants that process the wastewater produced. The objective of this study was to evaluate the physical chemical and bacteriological quality of the water from the sources of supply, storage tanks, distribution network and principals points of use as an area of food and drinkers, as well as the wastewater emitted in triplicate. The water quality index was calculated, and regular values of the water quality of the 10 sampled points were found, and it is noted that, the sampling points with the lowest quality index were the water that leaves the plants of Water treatment, therefore, is not being accomplished with proper water purification.
Studies exploring the effect of microclimatic changes on host-parasite relationships are scarce, however, many models predict changes in the distribution and incidence of diseases associated with climate change. In this study, we increased both temperature and relative humidity in blue tit nest-boxes during the breeding season, trying to discern between the effect of both variables on the abundance of ectoparasites reported in previous studies and, also, on the body condition of the nestlings and adults. Temperature and relative humidity were experimentally increased an average of about 2ºC and 15 units respectively. The abundance of blowfly Protocalliphora azurea pupae was significantly reduced in nests with increased temperature as compared to control nests and nests with increased relative humidity, and was also significantly reduced in nests with increased relative humidity as compared to control nests. The abundance of Dermanyssus spp. mites and Ceratophyllus gallinae flea larvae was significantly reduced in nests with increased relative humidity. However, there was no significant effect of the experiment on flying insect vectors abundance (Blackflies and biting midges.). On the other hand, body condition and mass of nestlings were lower in nests with increased relative humidity and nestlings’ mass was also lower in heated nests. However, the body condition and mass of the adults was not significantly affected by the experiment. In addition, blowfly Protocalliphora azurea pupae and biting midges Culicoides spp. had a significant negative effect on body condition and mass of nestlings and adults. In conclusion, an increase in temperature, on the one hand, and relative humidity, on the other, reduces the abundance of ectoparasites, which suggests that these parasites are sensitive to sudden changes in the microclimate in which they develop. In addition, these fluctuations negatively affect the body condition and mass of blue tit nestlings despite the concurrent decrease of parasites in nests.
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