Resumen: Este artículo reconstruye algunos discursos fundacionales de una autocomprensión ciudadana de la identidad nacional en el Uruguay, relevando dos momentos representativos del ideario y el lenguaje político sobre la ciudadanía uruguaya y su ascendiente en las trayectorias políticas del país. Uno de ellos, identificado con el componente político de una ciudadanía monolítica o escindida de la sociedad, informado por un vacío identitario originario y por el imaginario de un autogobierno republicano. El otro, animado por diversos discursos que, a propósito de la integración política de los extranjeros, vendrán a privilegiar los atributos sociales o culturales de los ciudadanos y sus aptitudes para reproducir un orden político estable, dando así un nuevo giro estandarizado a las identidades ciudadanas. Si bien estas reconstrucciones genealógicas permiten apreciar las conexiones conceptuales de estos lenguajes con las teorías convencionales de la ciudadanía también dejan entrever algunos persistentes déficits en la autoidentificación pluralista y democrática de la política uruguaya.Palabras clave: Ciudadanía, república, nación, democracia, inmigración.Abstract: This paper reconstructs some of the foundational discourses of a citizen's self-understanding view of the national identity in Uruguay, revealing two representative moments of the set of ideas and the political language about the Uruguayan citizenship and its ascendancy in the political trajectories of the country. One of them, identified with the political component of a monolithic citizenship or rifted from society, informed by an original identity gap and by the imaginary of a republican self-government. The other, animated by various speeches that, regarding to the political integration of foreigners, will come to privilege the social or cultural attributes of citizens and their aptitudes to reproduce a stable political order, thus giving a new standardized turn to citizen identities. Although these genealogical reconstructions make it possible to appreciate the conceptual connections of these languages with the conventional theories of citizenship, they also reveal some persistent deficits in the pluralistic and democratic self-identification of Uruguayan politics.Keywords: Citizenship, republic, nation, democracy, immigration.
A la luz del debate sobre el voto obligatorio en la Convención Nacional Constituyente de Uruguay de 1916-1917, este texto reconstruye el ascendiente de un ideario republicano en la política uruguaya, en contrapunto con distintas posiciones liberales. Sin mayores forzamientos semánticos o discursivos, el texto da cuenta de las conexiones existentes entre las posiciones a favor y en contra del voto obligatorio y los leguajes políticos republicanos y liberales que han venido animando gran parte de los debates convencionales sobre la cuestión ciudadana y su reciente reactivación. El artículo permite entrever también la atracción que ejerciera la política de ideas en los debates fundacionales de la democracia uruguaya, así como la relevancia normativa y política de los intercambios deliberativos sostenidos en dicha instancia constitucional***Entre o cidadão republicano e o indivíduo liberal: o debate sobre o voto obrigatório no nascimento da democracia uruguaia***A luz do debate sobre o voto obrigatório na Convenção Nacional Constituinte do Uruguai de 1916-1917, este texto reconstrói a ascendência de uma ideologia republicana na política uruguaia, em contraponto com diferentes posições liberais. Sem grandes pretensões semânticas ou discursivas, o texto dá conta das conexões existentes entre as posições a favor e contra o voto obrigatório e os legados políticos republicanos e liberais que têm encorajado muito dos debates convencionais sobre a questão do cidadão e sua recente reativação. O artigo também nos permite vislumbrar a atração que a política de idéias exerceu nos debates fundamentais da democracia uruguaia, bem como a relevância normativa e política das trocas deliberativas mantidas nesse corpo constitucional.Palavras chave: Republicanismo. Liberalismo. Cidadania. Voto. Uruguai.
The recent republican turn in Latin American political and historiographical studies reveals the influence of republican thought on the foundational processes of many countries in the region. In the disruptive context of independence, and during the subsequent political process, republicanism encountered favorable conditions but also many obstacles in the context of the twofold meaning of the idea of republic: as a political regime based on popular sovereignty, and as a community centered on a civic ethic. Under these conditions, criollo republicanism would eventually defend “possible republics,” which meant courting favor from those in power, pursuing various amalgams of freedom and order, and leaving the door open for other political imaginaries inspired by sovereign subjects or extrapolitical rationalities that were hardly compatible with the civic values and common liberties advocated by republicanism. In addition, the foundational republican spirit was exposed to the double impact of the nationalization of Latin American republics and the expansion of a modernizing or integrationist statism.
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