The fault tolerance method most used today in high-performance computing (HPC) is coordinated checkpointing. This, like any other fault tolerance method, adds additional energy consumption to that of the execution of the application. Currently, knowing and minimizing this energy consumption is a challenge. The objective of this paper is to propose a model to estimate the energy consumption of checkpoint and restart operations and a method for its construction. These estimates allow the evaluation of different scenarios in order to minimize energy consumption. We focus on coordinated checkpoint/restart at the system level, in single-program multiple-data (SPMD) applications, on homogeneous clusters. We study the behavior of the power dissipated by the compute node during a checkpoint/restart operation, as well as its execution time, considering different parameters of the system and the application. The experimentation carried out on two platforms shows the validity of the proposal. We also evaluate the impact on power and energy consumption of the processor's C states, the configuration of the network file system (NFS), where the checkpoint files are stored, and the compression of the checkpoint files. This paper contributes to the objective of predicting energy consumption in the execution of applications that use checkpoint/restart. Not counting the outliers, we can estimate the energy consumed by checkpoint/restart operations with errors lower than 7.5%.
High-performance computing continues to increase its computing power and energy efficiency. However, energy consumption continues to rise and finding ways to limit and/or decrease it is a crucial point in current research. For highperformance MPI applications, there are rollback recovery based fault tolerance methods, such as uncoordinated checkpoints. These methods allow only some processes to go back in the face of failure, while the rest of the processes continue to run. In this article, we focus on the processes that continue execution, and propose a series of strategies to manage energy consumption when a failure occurs and uncoordinated checkpoints are used.We present an energy model to evaluate strategies and through simulation we analyze the behavior of an application under different configurations and failure time. As a result, we show the feasibility of improving energy efficiency in HPC systems in the presence of a failure.
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