In this paper we introduce and analyze a fully mixed formulation for the nonlinear problem given by the coupling of the Stokes and Darcy–Forchheimer equations with the Beavers–Joseph–Saffman condition on the interface. This new approach yields non-Hilbert normed spaces and a twofold saddle point structure for the corresponding operator equation, whose continuous and discrete solvabilities are analyzed by means of a suitable abstract theory developed for this purpose. In particular, feasible choices of finite element subspaces include PEERS of the lowest order for the stress of the fluid, Raviart–Thomas of the lowest order for the Darcy velocity, piecewise constants for the pressures and continuous piecewise linear elements for the vorticity. An a priori error estimates and associated rates of convergence are derived, and several numerical results illustrating the good performance of the method are reported.

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In this paper we propose a new mixed-primal formulation for heatdriven flows with temperature-dependent viscosity modeled by the stationary Boussinesq equations. We analyze the well-posedness of the governing equations in this mathematical structure, for which we employ the Banach fixedpoint theorem and the generalized theory of saddle-point problems. The motivation is to overcome a drawback in a recent work by the authors where, in the mixed formulation for the momentum equation, the reciprocal of the viscosity is a pre-factor to a tensor product of velocities; making the analysis quite restrictive, as one needs a given continuous injection that holds only in 2D. We show in this work that by adding both the pseudo-stress and the

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In this paper, we introduce and analyze a high-order, fully-mixed finite element method for the free convection of n-dimensional fluids, {n\in\{2,3\}}, with temperature-dependent viscosity and thermal conductivity. The mathematical model is given by the coupling of the equations of continuity, momentum (Navier–Stokes) and energy by means of the Boussinesq approximation, as well as mixed thermal boundary conditions and a Dirichlet condition on the velocity. Because of the dependence on the temperature of the fluid properties, several additional variables are defined, thus resulting in an augmented formulation that seeks the rate of strain, pseudostress and vorticity tensors, velocity, temperature gradient and pseudoheat vectors, and temperature of the fluid. Using a fixed-point approach, smallness-of-data assumptions and a slight higher-regularity assumption for the exact solution provide the necessary well-posedness results at both continuous and discrete levels. In addition, and as a result of the augmentation, no discrete inf-sup conditions are needed for the well-posedness of the Galerkin scheme, which provides freedom of choice with respect to the finite element spaces. In particular, we suggest a combination based on Raviart–Thomas, Lagrange and discontinuous elements for which we derive optimal a priori error estimates. Finally, several numerical examples illustrating the performance of the method and confirming the theoretical rates of convergence are reported.