Lupus erythematosus (LE) is termed as an autoimmune chronic condition which involves a spectrum of symptoms. It is a part of the connective tissue diseases. Its cutaneous form is termed as cutaneous lupus erythematosus (CLE). Prevalence of CLE is about 70 cases per 100,000 persons. The least common variety of CLE is lupus profundus (LP)—only 5% of cases. Lupus profundus, although rare, must be kept in the differential diagnoses of ulcerated lesions. It may present as a localized entity or in association with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) or it may lead to SLE later in life. Early diagnosis based on histopathology and aggressive treatment is essential to prevent significant physical morbidity and progression to systemic involvement. We report a case of biopsy-proven lupus profundus in a 40-year-old female who presented with high-grade fever and multiple ulcerated lesions. The lesions were appreciated on the left thigh, right gluteus, and left arm. They had an erythematous base and edematous necrotizing centers with purulent discharge. She had a history of oral ulcers, joint pain, photosensitivity, dyspnea, peptic ulcer disease, and signs of depression. Her autoimmune assays were unremarkable. We treated her with antibiotics, oral hydroxychloroquine, and oral corticosteroid. Potassium permanganate wash and methylprednisolone aceponate were applied locally on the lesions. Ulcerated LP is a rare cause of ulcerated/indurated, painful subcutaneous plaques. It may present as a localized entity or in association with SLE or it may lead to SLE later in life.
BackgroundAlloimmunization of erythrocytes is a major problem in patients with hematological diseases that require frequent blood transfusions. Matching of extended red cell antigens of Kell, MNS, Kidd, and Duffy can decrease the risk of alloimmunization. Hence, in this study, the frequencies of the extended red cell phenotypes were explored. ObjectiveTo find out the frequency of extended red blood cell antigen phenotypes among patients with hematological diseases. MethodsThis cross-sectional research study was performed on 488 patients diagnosed with hematological diseases who required blood transfusion at the National Institute of Blood Disease and Bone Marrow Transplantation Karachi for a period of 1.42 years from November 2019 to March 2021. The blood of patients was analyzed for antigen phenotypes of different blood group systems including Kell, MNS, Kidd, and Duffy. The data obtained were interpreted. ResultsAmong the 488 patients, 284 (58.20%) patients were male, and 204 (41.80%) patients were female with a mean age of 8.1 years. Beta thalassemia was the most common hematological disease reported in 354 (72.5%) of the patients. The most common blood group was O positive reported in 182 (37.3%) of the patients followed by B positive blood group in 124 (25.4%). The frequencies of extended red cell antigen phenotypes in the patients were K antigen 14 (2.9%), Kp a antigen 26 (5.3%), Kp b antigen 424 (86.9%), Fy a antigen 360 (73.8%), Fy b antigen 260 (53.3%), Jk a antigen 294 (60.2%), Jk b antigen 326 (66.8%), M antigen 410 (84.0%) and N antigen 306 (62.7%). ConclusionBeta thalassemia was the most common hematological disease followed by iron deficiency anemia, aplastic anemia, and acute leukemia. Patients with hematological diseases had a higher prevalence of Kp b antigen followed by M, Fy a , Jk b , N, Jk a , Fy b , Kp a, and K antigen. O positive was the most frequent blood group followed by B positive, A positive and AB positive blood group.
Objectives: This study aimed to determine the impact of prognostic markers on the outcomes of Hodgkin lymphoma. Methods: It is a cross-sectional, single-center study. A total of 60 patients diagnosed with Hodgkin lymphoma were recruited for the study over five years between 2016 to 2020. The study setting was the National Institute of Blood and Bone Marrow Transplant in Pakistan. The Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 23 (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY, USA) was used for statistical analysis. Results: In the study population, 63.3% of the patients were male (38/60), and 36.7% were female (22/60). Hodgkin lymphoma was divided into four stages: stage I (18.3%), stage II (18.3%), stage III (46.7%), and stage IV (16.7%). Patients in stage III had a higher value of hemoglobin (Hb) than in other stages of the disease. The erythrocyte sedimentation rate was high in 56.7% of stage III patients than in patients of the other stages. The lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) levels were not under the normal range in 51.6% of patients. Only 20% of patients in stage III had LDH values within the normal range, whereas 26.6% did not. Conclusion: There was a significant impact of prognostic factors on the survival of patients with Hodgkin lymphoma.
This study aims to investigate the "influence of information sources including mass media and word-of-mouth (WOM) on destination image, tourist's attitude and consequently" on travel intention. "Three hundred and twenty-three self-administered questionnaires were distributed by enumerators through convenience sampling and completed by tourists at historical attractions of" City of Peshawar, Pakistan. "Structural equation modelling was used to test the proposed hypotheses. "The main findings are: mass media and WOM have positive influence on destination image and attitude towards destination; destination image and tourists' attitude have positive influence on travel intention; and WOM has the most significant influence on destination image and attitude than mass media. Findings emphasize the use of WOM marketing strategies and understanding its mechanism in making travel decision.
Consumers are exposed to a wide range of advertisements on a daily basis. These advertisements can be found in a variety of media technologies, including radio, television, print (such as magazines and newspapers), billboards, and cinema. This research examined on the Portrayal of women in electronic media advertisements in Pakistan. Advertising now reaches far more people than it used to with traditional media since it has major presence in new digital media which has also transformed immensely in recent time. Semiotic analysis was used as a study tool to investigate how advertising gender builds different meanings and beliefs in a culture. Adverts from various Pakistani TV stations and newspapers were chosen as samples for this study. These commercials were chosen because they showed women in a particular way. These advertisements deliver and utilize a wide range of meaning, symbols and messages also called semiotics in their advertisements. Importantly, lot of signs and symbols surrounds large part of any individual, however, the way they comprehend these signs, symbols and meaning differ from one to other individual. Barthian semiotic analysis on the denotative and connotative levels of significance was used for the analysis. The study's findings showed that ads in Pakistan place a strong emphasis on women's bodies and outward looks.
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