The bilateral relationship between Pakistan and Russia since 1947 has experienced many ups and downs. Several factors that directly or indirectly influence the nature and direction of bilateral relations between these two countries are the United States, India, and Afghanistan, etc. After many years of stagnation, there have been clear positive prospects for the development of bilateral and multilateral relations between Pakistan and Russia since September 11, 2001. Pakistan’s decision of joining the war against terror and efforts for peace and stability in the region has substantially changed Russian’s perceptions of Pakistan’s role. The CPEC and Russian's growing interest in trade and investment relations with Pakistan also provide opportunities for close interaction between these two countries. In the new international setup, the platform of SCO has provided an opportunity for improving the bilateral relations between Pakistan and Russia on certain issues of common interests including trade cooperation, countering terrorism, drug trafficking, and regional stability, etc. In the post-9/11, the bilateral relations- cooperation in various fields of mutual interest between Pakistan and Russia have been examined in this article. Keywords: Pakistan, Russia, Bilateral Cooperation, CPEC, Regional Peace
Empirically speaking, the study focuses on Education as it plays a vital role, for the Economic, social and personal development. The research highlights that Education is the only way through which corruption, unemployment and environmental issues can be dealt. The study further emphasis on quality and better education as an essential element of a nation, becasue it opens many doors towards better living and thus countries and nationas flourish. Being a qualitiative and conceptual study where various research tools were employed to arrive at valid conclusion scientifically. The investigation showd that many people today have comprehended the notion that requirement of education is the need of the hour, yet at the same time there are various places especially villages where children are not sent to schools or don’t reach to college level. If the focus is not put on education, there can arise numerous issues. Findings of the study depict that lack of education may because cause to many consequences including; gender differentiation, lack of skilled labor, and lack of productivity and alike. Then comes poverty, and child labor, unemployment, crime rates gets increased. Many studies have been carried out but the novelty of this study is that it focused on college and secondary level eduation. As College or Secondary level education is the most important stage of students’ lives where a lot of focus should be given, as it is the stage where students decide and get prepared for the fields and career they want to opt. It is rightly said and universally acknowledged that at this stage the future of the student can be either churn out or even if ignored, can be ruined. Thus the focus of the study is secondary level education policy analysis for building a nation to face the challenges of modern world in this 21st century. Keywords: Educational policy, Emporical analysis, National level, National biuilding, Betterment, Futuristic Educaitonal Policy
The people of the Hazara region played a key but unrecognized role in translating the idea of a separate Muslim state into a tangible reality called Pakistan today. Demographically, the diverse community of Hazara remains concentrated in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Province. Since the inception of Pakistan, they have been in quest of carving out a distinct cultural, political and territorial space in the country. The ceaseless search and struggle have a long history as it traces its roots back to 1900. This scholarly study surveys the historical role of the Hazarawal (various ethnolinguistic groups inhabited in the Hazara region) people in the making of the country. Further, it also seeks to dissect the trajectory, rationale, challenges and prospects concerning their sub-national movement being pursued in the pursuit of long-standing territorial and political demands. This paper draws upon primary sources including a government official, census reports and open-handed interviews for in-depth knowledge as well as secondary sources. Keywords: Hazara, Pakistan, Movement, Ethnicity, Identity, Creation
A high profile radicalization agenda in Pakistani schools and Islamic seminaries, across the country, has risen concerns within Pakistani society and for the world as well. Post 18th amendment in the constitution of Pakistan in April 2010, the education ministry dissolved to the provinces of Pakistan, with responsibilities to design their educational curriculums on their own. Since then, the four provinces of Pakistan have re-designed their curriculums and republishing textbooks as per their understandings. This article looks critically at one of the important and compulsory subjects; Islamiyat (Islamic Studies), arguing that the textbooks reassure the students towards a violent-radical mindset against the Kufar (non-believers). Such content in the textbooks also places its emphasis on the significance of Jihad (struggle) in the historical context of Islamic wars against the non-believers. The study brings quantitative and qualitative analysis, based on the Content Analysis application on the Islamiyat textbooks, mentioning the amount of positive and negative terms. The study also provides detailed denotations and connotations of the said terms to determine the outcome of the textbooks. The study suggests that the content in Islamiyat textbooks diverts the students from using education for fundamental social change to practice negative actions towards the Kufar. This study discovers that in the existing curriculum of Islamiyat, seemingly negative terms, such as Jihad has been presented as a physical war against the non-believers. The result also shows much emphasis on Mujahideen (Warriors of Islam) who lost their lives during wars against Kufar. Therefore, it concludes that presenting Islamiyat as the sole driver of radicalization among educated youth could result in a security threat to world peace. Keywords: Radicalization, Education, Pakistan, Jihad, non-believers, global security
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