Macular telangiectasia type 2 (MacTel) is a relatively rare disease without established treatments. Although MacTel was previously considered a primarily vascular condition, the thinking on its pathogenesis has shifted to it now being considered principally a neurodegenerative disease. This has resulted in a subsequent change in the approach to treatment toward neuro-protection for the non-proliferative phase of this disease. Carotenoid supplementation has had mixed results. Ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF) has demonstrated some promising early results, but further study is necessary to determine its actual effect. Some structural improvements have been seen in the non-proliferative phase with oral acetazolamide but without accompanying functional improvement. Anti-vascular endothelial drugs have been studied and not found to have benefit in the non-proliferative phase of disease but have demonstrated significant structural and functional value in the treatment of secondary neovascularization. There is no level I evidence for the various proposed MacTel treatments, and efforts need to be directed toward conducting multicenter randomized trials to better understand possible treatments for this condition. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1007/s40123-019-0170-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
As the depth of soil petroleum contamination can vary substantially under field conditions, a rhizotron experiment was performed to investigate the influence of endophyte, P. indica, on maize growth and degradation of petroleum components in a shallow and a deep-reaching subsurface layer of a soil. For control, a treatment without soil contamination was also included. The degree in contamination and the depth to which it extended had a strong effect on the growth of the plant roots. Contaminated soil layers severely inhibited root growth thus many roots preferred to bypass the shallow contaminated layer and grow in the uncontaminated soil. While the length and branching pattern of these roots were similar to those of uncontaminated treatment. Inoculation of maize with P. indica could improve root distribution and root and shoot growth in all three contamination treatments. This inoculation also enhanced petroleum degradation in soil, especially in the treatment with deep-reaching contamination, consequently the accumulation of petroleum hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the plant tissues were increased.
Soil application of organic wastes (OW) can be beneficial for soil quality, depending on the quality of the wastes as well as on the amended soil. We performed a field experiment comparing the effects of two different organic wastes, an industrial sewage sludge (ISS) and a municipal solid waste compost (MSWC), on the physical, chemical and biological quality of an agricultural soil cultivated with maize in central Iran. The two OW were mixed into the topsoil of the plots at rates of 15 and 45 t haP -1 P (dry matter). The analysis of soil samples taken 31, 74, 132 and 241 days after OW application showed, both OW increased organic matter, microbial respiration, and urease activity and decreased bulk density. In contrast, they had opposite effects on water retention and saturated hydraulic conductivity. While the MSWC increased water retention at high saturation and saturated hydraulic conductivity, the ISS decreased them. The negative effects of the ISS on physical soil quality, which may have been due to pore-clogging and hydrophobicity effects, were related to a smaller yield increase A c c e p t e d M a n u s c r i p t Downloaded by [New York University] at 10:01 09 June 2015in the ISS than in the MSWC treatments, demonstrating the importance that physical organic waste properties can have for the quality of amended soil.
Aims: The aim of this investigation was to determine a better leavening ability and shelf life for the same biomass yield of final product. Methods and Results: A commercial fed‐batch bioreactor equipped with circulation loop was used to study the effect of carbon source, molasses, profile on dough‐leavening ability, shelf life and biomass yield of Baker’s yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae. A set of 32 commercial batches were performed to investigate the effect of sugar concentration and compare with 32 control experiments. Conclusions: Higher local sugar concentration in circulation loop resulted in a better leavening ability and shelf life for the same biomass yield of the final product. In addition, this method improved nitrogen assimilation which resulted in higher protein content. Increase in leavening ability and protein content could be a result of the higher levels of glycolytic enzymes. Significance and Impact of the Study: It was observed that this change resulted in considerable improvement in leavening ability and shelf life at a commercial scale. It must be emphasized that to improve product quality, it is not necessary to pursue classical mutagenesis and selection strategies. A high‐quality product can be achieved only by optimizing the feeding profile and strategy.
Background Contrary to the advantageous anticancer activities of curcumin (Cur), limited bioavailability and solubility hindered its efficacy. Here, nontoxic dendrosomal nano carrier with Cur was used to overcome these problems. Despite considerable antitumor properties of Oxaliplatin (Oxa), the limiting factors are drug resistance and adverse side-effects. The hypothesis of this study was to evaluate the possible synergism between dendrosomal nanocurcumin (DNC) and Oxa and these agents showed growth regulatory effects on SKOV3 and OVCAR3 cells. Methods and materials In the present study, colony formation, wound healing motility, cell adhesion, transwell invasion and migration assay and cell cycle arrest with or without DNC, Oxa and Combination were defined. In addition to, real time PCR and Western blot were used to analyze AKT, PI3K, PKC, JNK, P38 and MMPs mRNAs and proteins expressions. Docking of MMP-2-Cur, MMP-2-DNC and MMP-2-Oxa was performed and the results of all three complexes were simulated by molecular dynamics. Results Our findings illustrated that DNC had the greatest effect on cell death as compared to the Cur alone. Moreover, the growth inhibitory effects (such as cell death correlated to apoptosis) were more intense if Oxa was added followed by DNC at 4 h interval. However, insignificant effects were observed upon simultaneous addition of these two agents in both cell lines. Besides, a combination of agents synergistically alters the relative expression of MMP-9. Conclusions The docking results showed that His70 and Asp100 may play a key role at the MMP-2 binding site. The matrigel invasion as well as cell viability of ovarian cancer cell lines SKOV3 and OVCAR3 by DNC alone or in combination with Oxa was inhibited significantly. The inhibitory effects of these agents were due to the differential expression levels of MMP 2 and MMP 9 regulated by multiple downstream signaling cascades. From the molecular dynamic simulation studies, it was confirmed that DNC established a strong interaction with MMP-2.
--Introduction. Iran, with more than 10 species of Pyrus, is one of the important genetic resources for this genus in the world, and Fars province is one of the centers of origin. In our research, cytogenetical investigation of native wild pear species of Fars province, including P. glabra Boiss., P. syriaca Boiss. and, probably, a natural hybrid of them, (P. glabra × P syriaca), was carried out using a video analysis system. Materials and methods. Seed germination of different species was done on damp filter paper in petri dishes, and root tips were collected for karyotypical investigation. After pretreatment, fixation, hydrolysis and staining, samples were prepared for observation under the microscope and chromosome morphology was studied. Analysis of the species genome (length of each chromosome, length of long and short arm, ratio of long arm to short arm and ratio of short arm to long arm) was done and the chromosomal type of each species was determined using Levan et al.'s method. Then the karyotypic symmetry of species was studied by Stebbins' method. Results and discussion. The results revealed that all of the genotypes, with 2n = 2x = 34, were diploid. Based on Stebbins' table, genotypes 1 and 2 of P. glabra were classified into group 1A, P. glabra × P. syriaca into group 2A and P. syriaca into group 2B. Genotype plots, according to the A1 and A2 parameters and Stebbins' cross classes, revealed the same results. Similarity and differences of species in chromosomal aspects were investigated and the results shown in a dendrogram. Iran Islamic Republic / indigenous organisms / species / Pyrus glabra / Pyrus syriaca / chromosomes / cytogeneticsÉtude caryotypique d'espèces de poiriers sauvages de la province de Fars, en Iran.Résumé --Introduction. L'Iran avec plus de 10 espèces de Pyrus est un pays important pour les ressources génétiques de ce genre dont la province de Fars est l'un des centres d'origine. Pour nos recherches, des études cytogénétique sur des espèces de poiriers indigènes de la province de Fars, dont P. glabra Boiss., P. syriaca Boiss. et, probablement, l'un de leurs hybrides naturels (P. glabra × P syriaca), ont été effectuées a en utilisant un système d'analyse visuel. Matériel et méthodes. La germination de graines des différentes espèces a été faite sur papier filtre humide en boîtes de Pétri et des pointes de racine ont été prélevées pour des études caryotypiques. Après prétraitement, fixation, hydrolyse et coloration, des échantillons ont été préparés pour observation au microscope et la morphologie des chromosomes a été étudiée. L'analyse du génome des espèces (longueur de chaque chromosome, longueur du bras long et du bras court, rapport du bras long au bras court et rapport du bras court au bras long) a été effectuée et le type chromosomique de chaque espèce a été déterminé en utilisant la méthode de Levan et al. Puis la symétrie caryotypique des espèces a été étudiée par la méthode de Stebbins. Résultats et discussion. Les résultats ont indiqué que tous les génotypes, avec...
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