A B S T R A C TWater quality entering the drinking water distribution network often provides requirements for corrosion and scaling in rural areas due to the lack of suitable treatment methods. It leads to pipe clogging, reducing longevity of the equipment, and health problems caused by dissolved compounds in the water. The present study aims to evaluate the corrosion and scaling potential in water distribution networks of four villages located in different geographical locations of Urmia, Iran. In this descriptive cross-sectional study, 36 samples of water entering the villages of Dizaj-e Siavosh, Dolama, Gogtapeh, and Band distribution networks were analyzed according to standard methods for water and wastewater examinations. The corrosion and scaling potential were evaluated based on Ryznar stability (RSI), Langelier saturation (LSI), Puckorius scaling (PSI), and Larson-Skold (LRI) indices after determination of pH, total dissolved solids, sulfate, alkalinity, calcium hardness, and chloride. The results indicated that the values of LSI, RSI, PSI, and LRI indices were −1.94, 12.05, 12.20, and 0.68 for Gogtapeh water supply; −2.22, 12.72, 13.6, and 0.4 for Dizaj-e Siavosh water supply; −2.03, 12.1, 12.06, and 0.3 for Band water supply; and finally −2.09, 12.30, 12.59, and 0.29 for Dolama water supply, respectivly. Therefore, the water entering Gogtapeh distribution system has a tendency to scaling based on the LRI as an only appropriate index for the corrosion and scaling potential in this village. However, the water entering Dizaj-e Siavosh, Dolama, and Band distribution networks are highly corrosive based on the LSI, RSI, and PSI indices. The concordance between the analysis of chemical water quality and national standards could not be sufficient to confirm the water quality balance in terms of corrosion and scaling potential.
Linear alkyl benzene sulfonate (LAS), which is the most common used anionic surfactant in detergents manufacturing, can discharge onto water resources through wastewater and causes change in taste and odor, disruption in water treatment processes, aquatics death, and oxygen transfer limitation. Accordingly, this article investigates to optimize LAS removal using Fenton oxidation process in Taguchi Method for the first time. LAS removal using Fenton oxidation was perused experimentally in a lab-scale reactor. In order to save relevant costs, 25 runs were qualified to specify the optimum conditions of Fenton oxidation using Taguchi method by Minitab 16 software. Sampling and testing procedures were executed based on the standard methods for the examination of water and wastewater. The optimum conditions included 900 mg/L hydrogen peroxide, 170 mg/L ferrous ion, pH of 4 and the reaction time of 20 min. Fenton oxidation, as a second order reaction with the rate coefficient of 0.0152 L/mg ⋅ min, provided 86.5% efficiency for LAS removal in the optimum conditions. Despite Fenton oxidation appeared as a high efficiency process in LAS removal, low removal efficiency of chemical oxygen demand corresponding with LAS affirmed its partial degradation.
Until a few years ago, Turkey was usually seen as irrelevant to colonial studies owing to its non-colonial status. More recently, however, there has been a more flexible approach to considering the possibility of studying modern Turkey under the heading of postcolonial studies. By acknowledging the socio-political similarities between Turkey and colonized countries, the current study employs a postcolonial framework to analyze a short story by a Turkish author. In doing so, Aziz Nesin's "Don't you have any Donkeys in your Country?" is studied to show how Nesin contributes to the political and socio-economic status of Modern Turkey and the highlighted controversy over the applicability of postcolonial perspectives to the Turkish context. The present study draws upon Albert Memmi's notion of "anonymous collectivity" and Homi K. Bhabha's "sly civility" as postcolonial means of indirect defiance, to identify the ways in which the narrative contributes to its contemporary milieu. We argue that throughout the story Nesin satirizes the so-called expert colonizer for his fundamentally false assumption about the naïveté of the colonized nation. The story reflects that although the Turkish peasant has unconsciously internalized the colonialist ideology of "anonymous collectivity," the very same indirect means of defiance is consciously used by the peasant to overcome inequality and white supremacy in the sphere of selling Turkish carpets as one of the most prestigious products to the Western world. This study contributes to the literature on postcolonialism, first by raising the possibility of including modern Turkey in postcolonial studies, and then by examining Nesin's response towards the postcolonial-like ideology whereby it is concluded that oppression creates contradictions in the ostensible colonized/colonizer, impairing and reversing both groups' identity and humanity. We also conclude that the narrative reverses the dominant ideologies of clever and knowledgeable Americans by giving voice to a subaltern Turkish peasant whose goal is to resist the enduring effects of economic and cultural oppression.
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