The molecular and cellular signals that guide T-cell development from hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs) remain poorly understood. The thymic microenvironment integrates multiple niche molecules to potentiate T-cell development in vivo. Recapitulating these signals in vitro in a stromal cell-free system has been challenging and limits T-cell generation technologies. Here, we describe a fully defined engineered in vitro niche capable of guiding T-lineage development from HSPCs. Synergistic interactions between Notch ligand Delta-like 4 and vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 (VCAM-1) were leveraged to enhance Notch signaling and progenitor T-cell differentiation rates. The engineered thymus-like niche enables in vitro production of mouse Sca-1cKit and human CD34 HSPC-derived CD7 progenitor T-cells capable of in vivo thymus colonization and maturation into cytokine-producing CD3 T-cells. This engineered thymic-like niche provides a platform for in vitro analysis of human T-cell development as well as clinical-scale cell production for future development of immunotherapeutic applications.

Microrobotics extends the reach of human-controlled machines to submillimeter dimensions. We introduce a microrobot that relies on optoelectronic tweezers (OET) that is straightforward to manufacture, can take nearly any desirable shape or form, and can be programmed to carry out sophisticated, multiaxis operations. One particularly useful program is a serial combination of “load,” “transport,” and “deliver,” which can be applied to manipulate a wide range of micrometer-dimension payloads. Importantly, microrobots programmed in this manner are much gentler on fragile mammalian cells than conventional OET techniques. The microrobotic system described here was demonstrated to be useful for single-cell isolation, clonal expansion, RNA sequencing, manipulation within enclosed systems, controlling cell–cell interactions, and isolating precious microtissues from heterogeneous mixtures. We propose that the optoelectronic microrobotic system, which can be implemented using a microscope and consumer-grade optical projector, will be useful for a wide range of applications in the life sciences and beyond.

• Intrathymic T-cell regeneration is facilitated by human proTcells generated in vitro.• In vitro-generated human proT-cells home to the thymus, wherein they restore thymic structure.Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) is followed by a period of immune deficiency due to a paucity in T-cell reconstitution. Underlying causes are a severely dysfunctional thymus and an impaired production of thymus-seeding progenitors in the host. Here, we addressed whether in vitro-derived human progenitor T (proT)-cells could not only represent a source of thymus-seeding progenitors, but also able to influence the recovery of the thymic microenvironment. We examined whether co-transplantation of in vitro-derived human proT-cells with hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) was able to facilitate HSC-derived T-lymphopoiesis posttransplant. A competitive transfer approach was used to define the optimal proT subset capable of reconstituting immunodeficient mice. Although the 2 subsets tested (proT1,1 ) showed thymus engrafting function, proT2-cells exhibited superior engrafting capacity. Based on this, when proT2-cells were coinjected with HSCs, a significantly improved and accelerated HSC-derived T-lymphopoiesis was observed. Furthermore, we uncovered a potential mechanism by which receptor activator of nuclear factor kb (RANK) ligand-expressing proT2-cells induce changes in both the function and architecture of the thymus microenvironment, which favors the recruitment of bone marrow-derived lymphoid progenitors. Our findings provide further support for the use of Notch-expanded progenitors in cellbased therapies to aid in the recovery of T-cells in patients undergoing HSCT. (Blood. 2013;122(26):4210-4219)