Many therapeutics require efficient cytosolic delivery either because the receptors for those drugs are located in the cytosol or their site of action is an intracellular organelle that requires transport through the cytosolic compartment. To achieve efficient cytosolic delivery of therapeutics, different nanomaterials have been developed that consider the diverse physicochemical nature of therapeutics (macromolecule to small molecule; water soluble to water insoluble) and various membrane associated and intracellular barriers that these systems need to overcome to efficiently deliver and retain therapeutics in the cytoplasmic compartment. Our interest is in investigating PLGA and PLAbased nanoparticles for intracellular delivery of drugs and genes. The present review discusses the various aspects of our studies and emphasizes the need for understanding of the molecular mechanisms of intracellular trafficking of nanoparticles in order to develop an efficient cytosolic delivery system.

The efficacy of potential anticancer drugs during preclinical development is generally tested in vitro using cancer cells grown in monolayer; however, a significant discrepancy in their efficacy is observed when these drugs are evaluated in vivo. This discrepancy, in part, could be due to the three-dimensional (3-D) nature of tumors as compared to the two-dimensional (2-D) nature of monolayer cultures. Therefore, there is a need for an in vitro model that would mimic the 3-D nature of tumors. With this objective, we have developed surface-engineered, large and porous biodegradable polymeric microparticles as a scaffold for 3-D growth of cancer cells. Using the MCF-7 cell line as model breast cancer cells, we evaluated the antiproliferative effect of three anticancer drugs: doxorubicin, paclitaxel and tamoxifen in 3-D model vs in 2-D monolayer. With optimized composition of microparticles and cell culture conditions, a density of 4.5 x 10 (6) MCF-7 cells/mg of microparticles, which is an 18-fold increase from the seeding density, was achieved in six days of culture. Cells were observed to have grown in clumps on the microparticle surface as well as in their interior matrix structure. The antiproliferative effect of the drugs in 3-D model was significantly lower than in 2-D monolayer, which was evident from the 12- to 23-fold differences in their IC 50 values. Using doxorubicin, the flow cytometry data demonstrated approximately 2.6-fold lower drug accumulation in the cells grown in 3-D model than in the cells grown as 2-D monolayer. Further, only 26% of the cells in 3-D model had the same concentration of drug as the cells in monolayer, thus explaining the reduced activity of the drugs in 3-D model. The collagen content of the cells grown in 3-D model was 2-fold greater than that of the cells grown in 2-D, suggesting greater synthesis of extracellular matrix in 3-D model, which acted as a barrier to drug diffusion. The microarray analysis showed changes in several genes in cells grown in 3-D, which could also influence the drug effect. In conclusion, the cells grown in 3-D are more resistant to chemotherapy than those grown in 2-D culture, suggesting the significant roles of cellular architecture, phenotypic variations, and extracellular matrix barrier to drug transport in drug efficacy. We propose that our model provides a better assessment of drug efficacy than the currently used 2-D monolayer as many of its characteristic features are similar to an actual tumor. A well-characterized 3-D model can particularly be useful for rapid screening of a large number of therapeutics for their efficacy during the drug discovery phase.

No abstract

No abstract