Abstract-This paper presents a critical analysis of literature on green building guidelines at South African universities. The literature analysis resulted in the development of seventeen green building guidelines. The websites of all South African universities and the South African government were further content analyzed to investigate what they are doing regarding green buildings. Only three universities reported that they have a green building and only eight universities indicated a green activity on their websites. The government on the other hand had a rated green building and was extensively involved in the green economy. The four activities included in the websites were green research, green initiatives, green buildings, and future green plans. The results showed the need to develop green building guidelines for South African universities.

Social movements came about as a result of dissatisfaction felt by society from the status quo. The grievances are presented through demonstrations, strikes, riots, occupation of land, boycott of business or by the development of social and economic alternatives such as self-help schemes or saving clubs. In South Africa, people join housing co-operatives because it takes a long time to wait for the Reconstruction Development Project (RDP) houses promised by the Government. The leaning of 5 housing co-operatives was examined within the context of ideology and praxis that are components of triad model. This was done through a multi-case study whereby the chairpersons of the housing co-operatives were interviewed using structured interview format. Findings from the study indicated that the housing co-operatives were not all open and voluntary; also, the housing co-operatives were not administered the same way. In all, efforts were put in by the housing co-operatives in engendering the ideology of co-operatives on one hand and the government on the other hand to provide the necessary subsidy so that the gap in the housing deficit could be bridged.