Esmolol is a unique cardioselective β(1)-receptor blocking agent with a rapid onset and short duration of action. Since our previous review in 1995, the pharmacokinetics and efficacy of esmolol have been investigated in a number of acute care settings. Three studies investigated the pharmacokinetics and safety of esmolol in the paediatric population. The disposition of esmolol in children was found to be linear with plasma concentrations increasing in proportion to dose over the ranges studied. The pharmacokinetic estimates for esmolol showed a shorter elimination half-life (t(½)) [2.7-4.8 minutes] and a higher clearance (281 mL/kg/min) in newborns and infants than that found in children (>2 years old) and adults. Dosing requirements to achieve targeted blood pressure in post-coarctectomy patients were substantially higher (mean 700 μg/kg/min) than that used in adults. Esmolol was effective in controlling hypertension following cardiac surgery and terminating supraventricular arrhythmias in children. The efficacy of esmolol has been established in a variety of patients, including those with unstable angina, myocardial ischaemia, supraventricular arrhythmias, peri- and postoperative tachycardia and hypertension, and electroconvulsive therapy. With careful titration and monitoring, esmolol can be used effectively in patients with congestive heart failure and chronic obstructive lung disease because of its unique short t(½) and β(1)-selectivity. Different dosage schedules have been developed depending on clinical setting and diagnosis. Generally, a loading dose of ≤500 μg/kg/min over 1 minute is administered followed by a continuous infusion of 25-300 μg/kg/min. Hypotension, being the primary adverse effect, can be minimized by careful dosage titration and patient monitoring. In the perioperative setting involving tracheal intubation and extubation, a number of recent studies have suggested that titration of esmolol to a haemodynamic endpoint can be safe and effective, resulting in a decreased incidence of myocardial ischaemia. The most effective regimen in attenuating the response to heart rate and blood pressure after laryngeal tracheal intubation was a loading dose of 500 μg/kg/min for 4 minutes followed by a continuous infusion of 200-300 μg/kg/min. In cardiac and non-cardiac surgical patients esmolol has been shown to decrease episodes of myocardial ischaemia and arrhythmias. In the perioperative period for non-cardiac surgery routine use of β-blockers (β-adrenoceptor antagonists) is no longer recommended. However, in patients at high risk for myocardial ischaemia or undergoing high-risk surgery where a β-blocker is indicated, esmolol is the ideal perioperative agent to minimize the risk of hypotension and bradycardia based on its pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic characteristics. For postoperative patients in atrial fibrillation, esmolol achieves rapid ventricular rate control. However, for the prevention of postoperative atrial fibrillation esmolol provides no advantage over oral β-blockers. I...

Objective. To examine perceived motivating factors and barriers (MFB) to postgraduate training (PGT) pursuit among pharmacy students. Methods. Third-year pharmacy students at 13 schools of pharmacy provided demographics and their plan and perceived MFBs for pursuing PGT. Responses were characterized using descriptive statistics. Kruskal-Wallis equality-of-proportions rank tests determined if differences in perceived MFBs existed between students based on plan to pursue PGT. Results. Among 1218 (69.5%) respondents, 37.1% planned to pursue PGT (32.9% did not, 30% were undecided). Students introduced to PGT prior to beginning pharmacy school more frequently planned to pursue PGT. More students who planned to pursue PGT had hospital work experience. The primary PGT rationale was, "I desire to gain more knowledge and experience." Student debt was the most commonly cited barrier. Conclusion. Introducing pharmacy students early to PGT options and establishing work experiences in the hospital setting may increase students' desire to pursue PGT.

Objective. To assess the impact of an advanced cardiac life support (ACLS) simulation on pharmacy student confidence and knowledge. Design. Third-year pharmacy students participated in a simulation experience that consisted of team roles training, high-fidelity ACLS simulations, and debriefing. Students completed a pre/postsimulation confidence and knowledge assessment. Assessment. Overall, student knowledge assessment scores and student confidence scores improved significantly. Student confidence and knowledge changes from baseline were not significantly correlated. Conversely, a significant, weak positive correlation between presimulation studying and both presimulation confidence and presimulation knowledge was discovered. Conclusions. Overall, student confidence and knowledge assessment scores in ACLS significantly improved from baseline; however, student confidence and knowledge were not significantly correlated.

Factor VII administration in the intensive care unit appears comparable with reoperation for refractory bleeding after complex cardiovascular surgical procedures and might represent an alternative to reoperation in selected patients. Future prospective, randomized controlled trials might further define its role.

Background Transitions of care (ToC) aim to provide continuity while preventing loss of information that may result in poor outcomes such as hospital readmission. Readmissions not only burden patients, they also increase costs. Given the high prevalence of coronary artery diseases (CAD) in the United States (US), patients with CAD often make up a significant portion of hospital readmissions. Objective To conduct a systematic review evaluating the impact of pharmacist-driven ToC interventions on post-hospital outcomes for patients with CAD. Methods MEDLINE, Scopus, and CINAHL were searched from database inception through 03/2020 using key words for CAD and pharmacists. Studies were included if they: (1) identified adults with CAD at US hospitals, (2) evaluated pharmacist-driven ToC interventions, and (3) assessed post-discharge outcomes. Outcomes were summarized qualitatively. Results Of the 1612 citations identified, 11 met criteria for inclusion. Pharmacist-driven ToC interventions were multifaceted and frequently included medication reconciliation, medication counseling, post-discharge follow-up and initiatives to improve medication adherence. Hospital readmission and emergency room visits were numerically lower among patients receiving vs not receiving pharmacist-driven interventions, with statistically significant differences observed in 1 study. Secondary prevention measures and adherence tended to be more favorable in the pharmacist-driven intervention groups. Conclusion Eleven studies of multifaceted, ToC interventions led by pharmacists were identified. Readmissions were numerically lower and secondary prevention measures and adherence were more favorable among patients receiving pharmacist-driven interventions. However, sufficiently powered studies are still required to confirm these benefits.