Aims Computer-based applications are increasingly being used by orthopaedic surgeons in their clinical practice. With the integration of technology in surgery, augmented reality (AR) may become an important tool for surgeons in the future. By superimposing a digital image on a user’s view of the physical world, this technology shows great promise in orthopaedics. The aim of this review is to investigate the current and potential uses of AR in orthopaedics. Materials and Methods A systematic review of the PubMed, MEDLINE, and Embase databases up to January 2019 using the keywords ‘orthopaedic’ OR ‘orthopedic AND augmented reality’ was performed by two independent reviewers. Results A total of 41 publications were included after screening. Applications were divided by subspecialty: spine (n = 15), trauma (n = 16), arthroplasty (n = 3), oncology (n = 3), and sports (n = 4). Out of these, 12 were clinical in nature. AR-based technologies have a wide variety of applications, including direct visualization of radiological images by overlaying them on the patient and intraoperative guidance using preoperative plans projected onto real anatomy, enabling hands-free real-time access to operating room resources, and promoting telemedicine and education. Conclusion There is an increasing interest in AR among orthopaedic surgeons. Although studies show similar or better outcomes with AR compared with traditional techniques, many challenges need to be addressed before this technology is ready for widespread use. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2019;101-B:1479–1488
A thorough understanding of the anatomy of the pterygomandibular space is fundamental to the successful administration of inferior alveolar nerve (IAN) blocks, which are frequently used in dentistry for mandibular anesthesia. However, the nature and extent of anatomical variations and relationships within this space are not well documented, and descriptions vary within the literature. This study analyzed the anatomical patterns and relationships of structures in the pterygomandibular space of 56 human cadaver hemi-heads, with both left and right sides from 10 individuals being available, and described the range of variability. In most cases, the IAN was anterior to the inferior alveolar vasculature with the inferior alveolar vein(s) being closest to the bone. On average, there were two veins per specimen. The position of the inferior alveolar neurovascular bundle expressed as the ratio of its distance from the anterior border of the ramus to the total anteroposterior length of the ramus was 0.60 (standard deviation [SD] = 0.07). The distance of anterior and medial displacement of the lingual nerve to the IAN was 7.3 mm (SD = 2.4 mm) and 3.9 mm (SD = 1.6 mm), respectively. The direct distance between the IAN and lingual nerve was 8.5 mm (SD = 2.4 mm). The sphenomandibular ligament always appeared dense and fibrous, medial to the neurovascular bundle. This anatomical study highlights the extent of variations in the positioning of anatomical structures directly relevant to IAN blocks, and reassesses the rationale for the direct approach, which is currently taught and practiced throughout many countries.
Anaesthesia of structures innervated by the mandibular nerve is necessary to provide adequate pain control when performing dental and localised surgical procedures. To date, numerous techniques have been described and, although many of these methods are not used routinely, there are some situations where their application may be indicated. Patient factors as well as anatomical variability of the mandibular nerve and associated structures dictate that no one technique can be universally applied with a 100% success rate. This fact has led to a proliferation of alternative techniques that have appeared in the literature. This selective review of the literature provides a brief description of the different techniques available to the clinician as well as the underlying anatomy which is fundamental to successfully anaesthetising the mandibular nerve.
Background: Technological innovation is a key component of orthopaedic surgery. With the integration of powerful technologies in surgery and clinical practice, artificial intelligence (AI) may become an important tool for orthopaedic surgeons in the future. Through adaptive learning and problem solving that serve to constantly increase accuracy, machine learning algorithms show great promise in orthopaedics. Purpose: To investigate the current and potential uses of AI in the management of anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury. Study Design: Systematic review; Level of evidence, 3. Methods: A systematic review of the PubMed, MEDLINE, Embase, Web of Science, and SPORTDiscus databases between their start and August 12, 2020, was performed by 2 independent reviewers. Inclusion criteria included application of AI anywhere along the spectrum of predicting, diagnosing, and managing ACL injuries. Exclusion criteria included non-English publications, conference abstracts, review articles, and meta-analyses. Statistical analysis could not be performed because of data heterogeneity; therefore, a descriptive analysis was undertaken. Results: A total of 19 publications were included after screening. Applications were divided based on the different stages of the clinical course in ACL injury: prediction (n = 2), diagnosis (n = 12), intraoperative application (n = 1), and postoperative care and rehabilitation (n = 4). AI-based technologies were used in a wide variety of applications, including image interpretation, automated chart review, assistance in the physical examination via optical tracking using infrared cameras or electromagnetic sensors, generation of predictive models, and optimization of postoperative care and rehabilitation. Conclusion: There is an increasing interest in AI among orthopaedic surgeons, as reflected by the applications for ACL injury presented in this review. Although some studies showed similar or better outcomes using AI compared with traditional techniques, many challenges need to be addressed before this technology is ready for widespread use.
"It has been said that Mineral Trioxide Aggregate is driving an endodontic revolution. Discuss this statement considering the biological and clinical attributes of this innovative material."
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.
hi@scite.ai
10624 S. Eastern Ave., Ste. A-614
Henderson, NV 89052, USA
Copyright © 2024 scite LLC. All rights reserved.
Made with 💙 for researchers
Part of the Research Solutions Family.