Cells demonstrate plasticity following injury, but the extent of this phenomenon and the cellular mechanisms involved remain underexplored. Using single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) and lineage tracing, we uncover that myoepithelial cells (MECs) of the submucosal glands (SMGs) proliferate and migrate to repopulate the airway surface epithelium (SE) in multiple injury models. Specifically, SMG-derived cells display multipotency and contribute to basal and luminal cell types of the SMGs and SE. Ex vivo expanded MECs have the potential to repopulate and differentiate into SE cells when grafted onto denuded airway scaffolds. Significantly, we find that SMG-like cells appear on the SE of both extra- and intra-lobular airways of large animal lungs following severe injury. We find that the transcription factor SOX9 is necessary for MEC plasticity in airway regeneration. Because SMGs are abundant and present deep within airways, they may serve as a reserve cell source for enhancing human airway regeneration.

Background: Chat-based hotlines use online messaging services or popular chat applications such as WhatsApp, Facebook Messenger, and WeChat, to connect users to trained health providers or staff. Chatbased hotlines can provide real-time communication between health providers and patients. Methods:The evidence for chat-based hotlines for health promotion has not been reviewed systematically.Electronic databases (PubMed, Cochrane Database, Google Scholar) were searched to identify Englishlanguage studies describing original research published from 2009 to 2020. This review was registered with Prospero Register of Systematic Reviews (ID: CRD42020156670).Results: Twelve publications met our criteria. Ten studies reported on user characteristics, eight on comparing use of chat-based hotlines with different modes of support, six on health outcomes and six on user satisfaction. Included studies report that chat-based hotlines have been used primarily for crisis and emotional support in high-income countries. Chat-based hotlines using instant messenger applications were preferred over other modes of services such as email, text messaging, voice calls, and face-to-face counselling.Evaluations of health outcomes, although limited in rigor due to mostly observational study designs, indicate mostly positive and statistically significant effects on mental health outcomes such as anxiety, depression, well-being and suicidality. User satisfaction with chat-based hotlines were moderately high.Conclusions: Chat-based hotlines may be effective ways to deliver crisis support services in high income settings. They may have the potential to be effective in low-and middle-income countries to expand the reach of mental health and crisis support services although such services have not yet been publicly evaluated.

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<p>Well-made joinery can be pricey, no matter if it is hand-crafted or prefabricated. This thesis attempts to understand all available tectonics used to fabricate joints and find a potential alternative to generate well-made joints in a more accessible manner. Specifically looking at traditional Japanese carpentry, Japanese joinery is a crucial precedent for examining due to its prestigious nature for withstanding the test of time and earthquakes. Here following the crafting of traditional joints is necessary to understand the hand-tool tectonic, allowing for an understanding to then iterate joints in the other tectonics with machine-tools and information-tools. Retrofitting provides for the opportunity for owners to add additional components to their existing properties. The standard residential home is commonly retrofitted by the owners to follow the ‘trend’ and ‘personalise’ their home. The want for retrofitting is usually due to the basic nature of cookie-cutter homes that are common to the New Zealand suburbs. By studying ways to construct joints, methods of fabricating joinery can assist the DIY culture in New Zealand, whether through prefabrication on the CNC router that is sold as kitsets or machine jigs that can be made onsite.</p>

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