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It has been established that conventional root canal irrigants cause detrimental effect on the physico-chemical properties of root dentin. This study aims to determine the effect of a novel root irrigant, ginger or Zingiber officinale Roscoe essential oil on root dentin microhardness. Eighty root halves of extracted human teeth were used and prepared by embedding them individually in autopolymerizing acrylic resin. These samples were then divided into four groups (n = 20 each), i.e., i) 0.5% Z. officinale Roscoe oil, ii) 2.5% sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl, positive control), iii) 17% ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA, positive control) and iv) normal saline (negative control). Dentin microhardness was measured using Vickers Microhardness Tester with a 50 g load and a 10-second dwell time, before and after immersion in respective solutions for 5 minutes. Measurements were taken in Vickers hardness number (VHN). All samples showed reduction in the microhardness reading; with Z. officinale Roscoe: 34.24 to 25.89, NaOCl: 31.47 to 26.34, EDTA: 33.08 to 26.04 and saline: 29.82 to 27.61 VHN. Although there was significant reduction within the Z. officinale Roscoe group (p < 0.001), the change was indifferent when compared among groups (post hoc Tukey's HSD test p > 0.05). Within the limitations of this study, Zingiber officinale Roscoe essential oil does alter dentin microhardness but to a similar extent as NaOCl and EDTA.
Nano-zirconia is commonly used in dentistry as a framework material over which feldspathic porcelain is layered to form an aesthetic and strong bi-layered restoration. Sufficient bonding strength between zirconia frameworks and veneering porcelains is crucial for the longevity of zirconia-based dental restorations. This study aims to determine the shear bond strength (SBS) of a colloidal-processed slip-casted novel nano-zirconia (NZ) and veneering ceramics, namely Cercon® Ceram Kiss (CK), VITA VM®9 (VM9), and IPS e.max® Ceram (e. max). Twenty-four cylindrical samples of each NZ and CZ were prepared and veneered with the veneering ceramics. Six groups of core–veneer assemblies, which are denoted as NZ-CK, NZ-VM9, NZ-e. max, CZ-CK, CZ-VM9, and CZ-e. max, were prepared for shear bond testing using the universal testing machine. Results of the shear test showed that NZ-VM9 recorded the highest shear strength value of 149.48 MPa, whereas NZ e. max showed the lowest SBS value of 71.56 MPa. A similar trend was also observed in the CZ groups, with the highest mean bonding strength (123.38 MPa) when bonded to VM9 (CZ-VM9), while the lowest mean value (44.07 MPa) was registered by the CZ-e. max groups. Scanning electron micrographs revealed that groups with high core–veneer bond strength values mostly displayed cohesive failure. By contrast, a mixed-mode of adhesive and cohesive failures was observed in the low SBS groups. The NZ showed similar performance based on the bonding property analysis. Therefore, NZ could potentially be used as an alternative to CZ.
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