-The objective of this work was to obtain organic compounds similar to the ones found in the organic matter of anthropogenic dark earth of Amazonia (ADE) using a chemical functionalization procedure on activated charcoal, as well as to determine their ecotoxicity. Based on the study of the organic matter from ADE, an organic model was proposed and an attempt to reproduce it was described. Activated charcoal was oxidized with the use of sodium hypochlorite at different concentrations. Nuclear magnetic resonance was performed to verify if the spectra of the obtained products were similar to the ones of humic acids from ADE. The similarity between spectra indicated that the obtained products were polycondensed aromatic structures with carboxyl groups: a soil amendment that can contribute to soil fertility and to its sustainable use. An ecotoxicological test with Daphnia similis was performed on the more soluble fraction (fulvic acids) of the produced soil amendment. Aryl chloride was formed during the synthesis of the organic compounds from activated charcoal functionalization and partially removed through a purification process. However, it is probable that some aryl chloride remained in the final product, since the ecotoxicological test indicated that the chemical functionalized soil amendment is moderately toxic.Index terms: Daphnia similis, biochar, chemical oxidation, fractionation of humic substances, nuclear magnetic resonance, pyrogenic carbon. Reprodução do modelo de matéria orgânica da terra preta de índio e ecotoxicidade dos compostos formados da funcionalização do carvãoResumo -O objetivo deste trabalho foi obter compostos orgânicos similares aos encontrados na matéria orgânica da terra preta de índio (TPI) por meio de procedimento de funcionalização química de carvão ativado, bem como determinar a ecotoxicidade desses compostos. A partir do estudo da matéria orgânica de TPI, um modelo orgânico foi proposto e uma tentativa de reproduzi-lo foi descrita. Realizou-se a oxidação de carvão ativado pelo uso de hipoclorito de sódio em diferentes concentrações. Recorreu-se à ressonância magnética nuclear para verificar se os espectros dos produtos formados eram similares aos de ácidos húmicos de TPI. A similaridade dos espectros indicou que os produtos obtidos eram estruturas aromáticas policondensadas, com grupos carboxílicos: um condicionador de solo capaz de contribuir com a fertilidade do solo e com a sustentabilidade de seu uso. Um teste ecotoxicológico com Daphnia similis foi realizado nas frações mais solúveis (ácidos fúlvicos) do condicionador obtido. Cloretos de arila foram formados durante a síntese dos compostos orgânicos a partir do carvão funcionalizado e parcialmente removidos por meio de um processo de purificação. Contudo, é provável que algum cloreto de arila tenha permanecido no produto final, já que o teste ecotoxicológico indicou moderada toxicidade do condicionador obtido.Termos para indexação: Daphnia similis, "biochar", oxidação química, fracionamento de substâncias húmicas, ress...
Health products and services innovation have a strong economic and social impact, particularly by a BRICS member such as Brazil, considered the 6th largest consumer market for pharmaceutical products. Among the many national strategies to address the vulnerability of the country in this aspect, it is the training of the pharmacist one of the key players in the innovation process. In 2017 Generalist Pharmacy Curriculum Guide was published, which includes innovation, entrepreneurship and interdisciplinarity for the first time as components of the Brazilian pharmacist training. The present study analyzed 3742 disciplines currently offered by 42 universities, taking as a parameter the requirements induced by the new curriculum guideline. The method used was the content analysis, supported by NVivo® software, which generated 113 categories of disciplines, distributed in 8 core areas and 9 areas of knowledge. The result showed there is insufficiency related to health care and health management core areas as well as hours of internship, while there is predominance of health technology (> 75%) with only 2% of innovation besides inexpressive presence of entrepreneurship and interdisciplinarity. The study demonstrates that paradigmatic and substantial changes must be made by Universities in order to comply with the new Curriculum Guide and proposes strategic solutions to promote innovation from an interdisciplinary perspective.
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