Background: The effects of substance abuse are extended to primary caregiver who is vulnerable for psychiatric disorders and decreased quality of life (QOL). Aim: The aim of the study is to determine and compare the psychiatric morbidity and QOL in caregivers of various substance abusers (alcohol/opioid/alcohol + opioid dependence). Methodology: This cross-sectional study was conducted on caregivers of equal number of patients with alcohol/opioid/alcohol + opioid dependence presenting to Department of Psychiatry of a tertiary care center. The data were collected on sociodemographic parameters; psychiatric morbidity was assessed using the Mini-International Neuropsychiatric Interview (M. I. N. I.) questionnaire and the QOL was assessed by WHO-QOL BREF scale. Statistical analysis: The data were statistically analyzed on SPSS 21 software by using ANOVA, Chi-square, and Kruskal–Wallis tests. Results: Most of the caregivers were females. Out of 90 caregivers of each alcohol/opioid/alcohol + opioid dependence patients, 28.8% had dysthymia, 29% had major depression, 6.7% had social anxiety disorder, 13.3% had generalized anxiety disorder, 12.2% of the caregivers were found to have alcohol abuse, 15.5% of the caregivers were found to have substance abuse (nonalcohol), and 27% of the caregivers had no psychiatric morbidity. Deterioration of QOL was seen particularly in psychological and social domain. On comparing QOL, physical domain was affected adversely in caregivers of multiple substance abusers than alcohol dependence. On comparison among opioid dependence and multiple substance abusers, psychological, social, and environmental domains were significantly affected in the latter. The comparison among other pairs was insignificant. Conclusion: Substance abuse is a multidimensional problem which threatens the mental health and the QOL of the family member which needs to be addressed.
Context: COVID-19 patients undergo myriad of psychological problems such as mood swings, depression, fear of isolation, fear of dying, feeling helpless, insomnia, anxious forebodings, and nervousness. These are commonly seen among isolated and quarantined patients who experience notable levels of anxiety, uncertainty, anger, confusion, stress and insecurity. Aims: This study aims to determine the prevalence of anxiety and depression among these infected patients admitted to tertiary care center. Settings and Design: This cross-sectional study was conducted on 100 COVID-19 patients admitted to DMC&H, Ludhiana. Subjects and Methods: The data were collected on sociodemographic parameters and assessment was done using Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HDRS) and Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale (HARS) at the time of discharge from the hospital. Statistical Analysis Used: SPSS 21 version for Microsoft Windows. Results: Majority of the patients were males and in the age group of 31–50 years. 48% patients had comorbid depression. Moderate-to-severe levels of depression were found more in males (25%) as compared to females (15%). Comorbid anxiety was seen commonly in females (60%) than male patients (28.75%), though the moderate-to-severe level of anxiety was more in males (71.25%) as compared to females (40%). On symptom checklist of HDRS and HARS, patients had high scores on insomnia (75%), psychic anxiety (45%–50%), somatic symptoms (gastrointestinal [50%], muscular [56%], and respiratory [81%]) and loss of weight (40%). Conclusions: COVID-19 patients score higher on comorbid anxiety and depression. Moderate-to-severe level of anxiety and depression is commonly seen among male patients than female patients.
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